neuroscience exam 2! :)

supramarginal gyrus

a region that is critical for understanding others’ emotions; damage to this region leads to egocentrism

phasic

the description of the neurotransmitter burst that happens when we anticipate or recieve something exciting

marijuana

a drug that impairs both GABA & Glutamate release from the presynaptic cell by miming endocannabinoids

the physical location of a memory; it is thought to be a circuit rather than a specific area

a drug that increases serotonin, though the behavioral effects are heavily influenced by a person’s mindset and environment at the time

tonic

the description of the baseline state of a neurotransmitter in the absence of exciting or novel things

ventral tegmental area

a region of the midbrain that is considered the reward system

mirror neurons

neuron that fire both when you do something and when you watch another person do something

activating effects

name for temporary, reversible effects of hormones

positron emission tomography

functional technique that utilizes radioactive material to measure organ activity

magnesium

what are blocking ions flowing through NMDAR channels?

tau

what protein is the main component of neurofibrillary tangles

huntington’s disease

what neurodegenerative disease is characterized by a decrease in a person’s inability to control movement

orbitofrontal cortex

what region caused Phineas Gage to become more aggressive, impulsive & to conduct in a socially unacceptable way

endogenous opioids (EndO’s)

what neurotransmitter creates feelings of “liking”

isotropic

how do we describe the equal, unrestricted movement of water?

females have more oxytocin than males

what is NOT a form of sexual dimorphism observed in the brain

Ca2+

what ion is critical for eLTP?

korsakoff’s syndrome

what disease involves excessive, long-term alcohol intake can lead to atrophy of the hippocampus and permanent amnesia?

hippocampus

which brain region is essential for the formation of new memories that require conscious effort?

endogeneous opioids (EndO’s)

family of peptides that lead to feelings of euphoria- LIKING

an increase of EndO’s decrease substance P

how do EndO’s relieve pain/increase pleasure in the PNS

increase in EndO’s increase bursts in dopamine

how do EndO’s relieve pain/increase pleasure in the CNS

the firing rate of dopamine

what triggers the reactions of dopamine?

ventral tegmental area

where does dopamine come from?

tonic dopamine

steady, constant levels of dopamine

| | | | | |

phasic dopamine

burst/increased firing of dopamine

||||||||||||||||

wanting; liking

dopamine is _____ where as endogenous opioids is ________

inhibits

tonic dopamine ___ EndO’s

increases

phasic dopamine ___ EndO’s

substance use disorder

compulsive cravings for drugs despite consequence

limbic system

amygdala

VTA,

thalamus

hypothalamus

hippocampus

ACC

what brain regions are involved in marijuana use

mimics endocannabinoids

how does it affect our system?

agonist

is marijuana an agonist or antagonist

excitotoxicity

cell death due to too much excitatory activity

cerebellum- inhibits motor control

PFC- decreased inhibition

hypothalamus/medulla- decreased heart rate, body temp. & breath

hippocampus/amygdala- lowering memory

brain regions affected by use of alcohol and how

GABA; GLU

alcohol is a ___ & ___ agonist

binds to GABA_R to keep open longer

leads to more inhibition on post synaptic cell

blocks NMDA_R

leads to little to no action potentials

alcohol mechanism

makes our body overcompensate for lots of alcohol

→ increases NMDA receptors → decreases GABA receptors

what does heavy alcohol use do to us

alcoholic cerebellar degeneration

permanent loss of fine motor skills

LSD

• lab made/synthetic

• lasts about 12 hours

PSILOCYBIN

• nature/magic mushroom

• lasts about 6 hour

what is the difference between LSD & psilocybin

cingulate cortex & amygdala - emotions

medial PFC- attention/memory

parahippocampus- visual processing

precuneus- perception of self & consciousness

locus coeruleus- awareness

raphe nucleus- serotonin

what brain regions are affected by psychedelics and how

artificially changing serotonin levels.. too much

psychadelics mechanism

serotonin

psychadelics are a __ agonists

set & setting

environment and mindset will influence experience

affective neuroscience

how the brain processes emotions. subjective/conscious feelings or physical response

limbic system

circuit of brain regions important for emotions, memory, & behavior

hippocampus

cingulate cortex

orbital frontal cortex

amygdala

insula

hypothalamus

what does the limbic system involve

what is the amygdala responsible for

“weird” detector

fear, aggression, and anxiety towards unusual stimuli

ex. ambigous faces

damage to amygdala brings

decreased fear, aggression, stress, & general emotionality

kluver busy syndrome

destruction/removal of the amygdala = NO FEAR

insula

distinguishing between positive and negative feelings

“valence” of emotion

posterior insula

negative valence is in the

anterior insula

positive valence is found in the

damage of the insula leads to

more things considered neutral

hypothalamus

hormone control center

determine if we get activation of the sympathetic or parasympathetic system

what do both the amygdala and insula work with the hypothalamus to do:

orbital frontal cortex

works closely w/ dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

effort management & impulse control

inhibits aggression or anything that is socially unacceptable by inhibiting the amygdala via serotonin

what does damage to the OFC bring

increased impulsivity, decreased inhibitions

remember Phineas gage

supramarginal gyrus

reviews auditory/sensory/visual information

critical for self-perception and empathy

DAMAGE LEADS TO SEVERE EGOCENTRISM

how does a psychopath’s mind look, anatomically

decreased connectivity in amygdala & OFC

smaller amygdala

decreased mirror neuron activity

decrease in

what is the HPA axis composed of, and what do they do?

hypothalamus- puppet master

pituitary glands- direct communication w/ blood

adrenal glands- activation of sympathetic nervous system

HPA axis

helps regulate emotions, especially related to fear, anger, or stress

oxytocin

neuropeptide/hormone released by the hypothalamus during social bonding

during a social bonding event. this triggers Ox release in blood & brain, which binds to OxT_R

how does oxytocin get released