Theories, Models & Core Definitions

EXSS 181 - everything from exam 1

Positive illusory bias

The extent to which people over-extend their ability

Psychophysiological orientation

An approach to SEP that examines underlying psychophysiological processes of the brain in terms of primary causes of behavior

Social-psychological orientation

An approach to SEP that says behavior is determined by a complex interaction of the social environment & the personal makeup of the athlete or exercise

Cognitive-behavioral orientation

An approach to SEP that says behavior is determined by both the environment & thoughts/cognitions

Ancient Greek personality types

4 types (4 humors): artsy, quiet thinkers, passionate & impulsive, popular & fun-loving

OCEAN

The big 5

Openness

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

Structure of personality

Psychological core -> typical responses -> role-related behavior

Psychodynamic approach (to understanding personality)

Behavior is determined by several unconscious, constantly changing factors that often conflict with one another

Trait approach (to understanding personality)

Behavior is determined by relatively stable traits that are fundamental units of personality

Interactional approach (to understanding personality)

Behavior is determined by both the person & the situational factors as well as by their interaction

Phenomenological approach (to understanding personality)

behavior is determined by accounting for situational & personal characteristics & their understanding of themself & the environment

Situational approach (to understanding personality)

behavior is determined largely by the situation or environment

Participant/trait-centered view (motivation)

Motivation is determined by an individual's personality, needs, interests & goals

Situation-centered view (motivation)

Motivation is determined by leader-coach style, facility attractiveness, team win-loss record, situational factors

Interactional view (motivation)

Motivation is determined by a mix of the situation and the participant & their traits

Attribution theory

How people explain their successes & failures

Factors of attribution theory

Stability, locus of causality, locus of control

Competence motivation theory

Feelings of competence & worth, as well as perceptions of control, determine motives

Achievement goal theory

A person's motivation is based either in an outcome-goal orientation, task goal orientation, and/or social goal orientation

Entity view (motivation)

Adopt an outcome goal focus, where an individual sees their ability as fixed & unable to be changed through effort

Incremental focus (motivation)

An individual adopts a task goal perspective & believe they can change their ability through hard work & effort

Approach Achievement Goals

Focusing on approaching the situation and being better

Avoidance Achievement Goals

Focusing on avoiding a situation (avoiding failure)

Stages of developing achievement motivation

(sequential)

1. autonomous competence stage

2. social comparison stage

3. integrated stage

Trait vs State anxiety

Trait: a personality disposition that is stable over time

State: "right now" feeling

Stress

A substantial imbalance between physical & psychological demands placed on an individual & their response capability under conditions in which failure to meet demands has important consequences

Stress response stages

1. environmental demand

2. individual’s perception of environmental demand

3. stress response

4. behavioral consequences

repeat the process

Drive theory (arousal & anxiety)

An an individual's arousal/state anxiety increases so does their performance

Inverted U-hypothesis (arousal & anxiety)

Performance has a curvilineal relationship to arousal

Individualized zones of optimal functioning (IZOF) (arousal & anxiety)

Each individual has their own zone of optimal functioning and it can vary from person to person

Multidimensional anxiety theory

Cognitive anxiety is negatively related to performance, while somatic anxiety is related to performance in an inverted-U pattern

Catastrophe model (arousal & anxiety)

Low cognitive anxiety: physiological arousal is related to performance in an inverted-U fashion only

High cognitive anxiety: physiological arousal becomes detrimental to a person after a certain threshold (huge drop in performance)

Reversal theory (arousal & anxiety)

Interpretation of the arousal matters & this interpretation can shift moment to moment (pleasant interpretation can facilitate performance, unpleasant interpretation can hurt performance)

Anxiety direction & intensity

An individual's interpretation of anxiety symptoms is important for understanding the anxiety-performance relationship (intensity, direction, and perception of control)

Positive approach to influencing behavior

Rewarding desirable behaviors to increase the likelihood of repeating behavior

Negative approach to influencing behavior

Punishing undesirable behaviors to redirect the behavior

Model/flow of motivation

Amotivation -> extrinsic motivation (external regulation -> introjected regulation - threshold of autonomy checkpoint -> identified regulation -> integrated regulation) -> intrinsic motivation (intrinsic regulation)

Amotivation

A person is neither intrinsically nor extrinsically motivated ?& thus have pervasive feelings of incompetence & lack of control

External regulation

Behavior is completely controlled by external sources such as rewards & constraints

Introjected regulation

The individual is motivated by internal prods & pressures, however, the behavior is still not considered self-determined because it is regulated by external contingencies

Identified regulation

The behavior is highly valued, accepted & judged by the individual & thus performed willingly, even if the activity isn't pleasant in itself

Integrated regulation

Activity is personally important because of a valued outcome rather than interest in the activity solely for itself

Intrinsic motivation

Individual engages in activity for knowledge, accomplishment, & stimulation

Behavior modification

Systematic application of the principles of + & - reinforcement to change to help produce desirable behaviors & eliminate undesirable behaviors

Cognitive Evaluation theory

Subtheory of self-determination theory that focuses on how the reward is perceived (controlling vs informational)

Self-determination theory

a theory of motivation that is concerned with the beneficial effects of intrinsic motivation and the harmful effects of extrinsic motivation