Skeletal Practicum Unit

Articulate

Two or more bones meeting to form a joint

Palpate

To examine by touch

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Superior

Above

Inferior

Below

Anterior

Front

Posterior

Back

Proximal

Nearer to the trunk of the body

Distal

Further from the trunk of the body

ROM

Range of motion; movement available at a joint

Skull

Cranium + facial bones

arthr/o

Joint

carp/o

Wrist

cervic/o

Neck

chondr/o

Cartilage

cleid/o;clavicul/o

Collar bone

cost/o

Rib

lumb/o

Lower back

orth/o

Straight

oste/o

Bone

stern/o

Breastbone

thorac/o

Chest

Condyle

The smooth surface that usually articulates with another bone

Process

Any part of the bone that pokes out

Epicondyle

Raised area on or above a condyle for attachment of ligaments/tendons

Head

Articulates with a fossa

Trochanter

Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process where muscles attach (femur)

Meatus

Canal-like passage

Suture

fibrous joints that connect bones of the skull

Sinus

Cavity within a bone

Foramen

Round/oval opening through a bone

Tubercle

Small rounded projection where muscles attach (humerus)

Fossa

Shallow depression

Spine

Sharp, slender projection

Axial Skeleton

Skull- cranium + facial bones

Sternum- Manubrium, Body, Xyphoid Process

Ossicles- middle ear bones

Ribs (total of 12)

Hyoid Bone (supports the tongue)

Vertebrae: Cervical (7, neck), Thoracic (12, rib cage), Lumbar (5, low back), Sacrum (5, articulates w pelvic bones), Coccyx (4, tailbone)

Appendicular Skeleton

Pectoral Girdle

• scapula

• clavicle

Upper Limb

• humerus

• carpals

• ulna

• metacarpals

• radius

• phalanges

Pelvic Girdle

• 2 pelvic bones containing ilium, pubis, ischium

Lower Limb

• femur

• fibula

• tibia

• metatarsals

• tarsals

• patella

• phalanges

Sections of the Vertebral Column

Cervical (neck)- 7

Thoracic (ribs)- 12

Lumbar (low back)- 5

Sacrum (articulates w the pelvic bones)- 5

Coccyx (tailbone)- 4

Vertebral Column Curvatures

Cervical

Thoracic

Lumbar

Sacral

Vertebrae Parts

• body

• vertebral foramen

• spinous process

Intervertebral Discs

C1 Atlas (top)

Dens (thumb-like part around which the atlas rotates)

C2 Axis (bottom)

Thoracic Cage

• ribs

• costal cartilage (the ribs that are actually attached to the sternum)

• thoracic vertebrae (the part of the spine that the ribs attach to)

• sternum

Ribs

total 12

true ribs- upper 7 that attach to vertebrae and costal cartilage of each rib

false ribs- lower 5: 3 pairs attach to the vertebrae and costal cartilage of rib #7. 2 lowest pairs attach only to vertebrae (floating ribs)

Sternum

manubrium

body

xyphoid process

Pectoral Girdle

clavicle

• sternal end- the end that touches the sternum

scapula

• glenoid fossa

• spine of the scapula (posterior view)

supports upper extremities

Humerus (upper limb)

head

greater and lesser tubercules (if showing, then humerus is in anterior position)

lateral and medial epicondyle (posterior)

Radius

connects to the thumb (lateral)

parts:

• head

• styloid process- found on the lateral surface of the distal radius bone

Ulna

connects to the pinky (medial)

Parts:

• trochlear process- a large depression in the upper extremity of the ulna that fits the trochlea of the humerus (the bone directly above the ulna in the arm) as part of the elbow joint

• olecranon process- articulates with the humerus to provide flexion and extension of the elbow

• styloid process- a bony projection at the end of the ulna, near your hand, called the ulnar styloid process. It fits into the cartilage of your wrist joint and plays an important role in the strength and flexibility of your wrist and forearm

pronation/supination

twisting of the radius

pronation is counterclockwise/posterior

supination is clockwise/anterior

Hand

carpals- wrist bones

metacarpals- hand/palm bones

phalanges- finger bones

Pelvic Girdle

2 hipbones

Ilium

ischium

pubis

pubic symphysis- right where the 2 sides of the pubis join

acetabulum- where head of femur rotates/articulates

Pelvis

Pelvic Girdle PLUS sacrum + coccyx

• sacrum + coccyx is part of the vertebrae tho

Femur

acetabula=fossa of the femur

parts:

• head

• neck

• greater + lesser trochanter

  • greater=first bump

  • lesser = weird second bump

  • POSTERIOR

• lateral condyle (anterior)

• medial condyle (anterior)

Patella

AKA the knee cap

protects the joint from damage

the largest sesamoid bone in the body

Tibia

front

• medial malleolus = distal end of the tibia

• tibial tuberosity- an elevation on the proximal, anterior aspect of the tibia, just below where the anterior surfaces of the lateral and medial tibial condyles end

• medial condyle- the inner part of the upper expanded section of the tibia

• lateral condyle- a condyle on the outer side

Fibula

back

• lateral malleolus = distal end of the fibula

Foot

tarsals- ankle bones

metatarsals- foot bones

phalanges- toe bones

calcaneus = foot (heel bone)