BB final

Mendels first law

Law of independent segregation

• separation of homologous chromosomes with random distribution

Mendels second law

Law of independent assortment

• Genes for different traits are inhertited independently

What falsifies the theory of independent assortment

Linkage

What falsifies the theory of independent segregation

Crossing over

Linkage

Physical association between two genes on the same chromosome

Crossing over

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes

allele

alternative forms of a gene at a specific locus

Linkage disequilibrium

specific combinations of allele inherited together more frequently than would be expected by chance

Nucleic acid analysis

Genetic material detection

Protein analysis

Detection of antibodies

two phases of fluid agglutination

sensitization and agglutination

Prozone

antibody excess

postzone

antigen excess

what is the most common immunoglobulin

IgG

What immunoglobulins can activate complement

IgG and IgM

What immunoglobulin lasts the longest

IgG

solid phase

RBCs immobilized in mircroplate wells

4+ is no agglutination, 0 is one large clump (opposite, solid has an O)

What is the most sensistive RBC test

gel

Where are ABO antigens found

RBCs, platelets, many tissues

ABO inheritance

codominant, but O gene is silent

Type O antigen

H antigen, terminal fucose

Type A antigen

GALNAC on terminal galactose of H antigen

B antigen

Galactose on terminal galactose of H antigen

H concentration on RBC

O > A2 > B > A1 > A1B

ABO antibodies

IgM (A and B) and IgG (AB)

A2 subgroup

inefficient conversion of H antigen to A antigen, RBCs do not agglutinate with anti-A1

A3

Mixed field reactions

B(A)

Weak expression of A antigen on group B cells

Acquired B

Seen in group A1 individuals, transient switch to B caused by bacterial GI infection

Do babies have ABO antigens at birth

Yes

Do babies have ABO antibodies at birth

No, detectable at 3-6 months ofage

What is the most immunogenic antigen

D

Rh inheritance

D/d is autosomal dominant (d is lack of D)

C/c and E/e are codominant

What is the most common Rh phenotype in african american people

Dce/dce (R0r)

What is the most common Rh haplotype in white people

DCe/dce (R1r)

What is the most uncommon letter in Rh

Big E

Weak D

Reduced expression of D antigen, not at risk of making anti-D

Partial D

Missing portion of D antigen, at risk of making anti-D

DVI is most common partial D phenotype

Rh null

Lack of all Rh antigens, causes stomatocytes

Rh antibodies

IgG, don’t activate complement

Can you use the hardy weinberg equation with Rh

NO

I system

I and i, i is precursor to I (I is branching)

i as child, I as adult

Anti-I

Common, IgM, cold reactive and related to cold agglutinin disease (Ice —> cold)

Anti-i

Uncommon, IgM, infectious mononucleosis

Bombay phenotype

Ususally only when we see H antibody (HTR), lack secretor gene

Can only recieve bombay blood

Do not have ABO, H or Le antigens

Lewis system antigens

Lea and Leb

Where do lewis antigens come from

Absorbed from plasma onto RBC membrane, not made by RBCs

Lewis system genes

Lewis gene creates Lea, secretor gene creates Leb

Lewis expression in children

Most newborns are Le(a-b-)

Valid phenotype not evident until age 5 or 6

What causes TA-GVHD

Transfusion with blood from HLA similar donor, especially risky with homozygous donor

How can we reduce TA-GVHD

Irradiation

When do we need to do HLA testing

HPC(most important), kidney, and solid organ transplants

Also used in Forensic, relationship, and disease testing

What HLA antigens do platelets express

HLA-A and HLA-B

What testing do we do for HLA

PCR (standard) and serologic assays

What system exhibit dosage

MNS, duffy, Rh, Kidd

MN antibodies

IgM, not clinically significant

S antibodies

IgG, clinically significant (HDR and HDFN)

Anti-U

Clinically significant, not destroyed with enzyme treatment

An individual who is U- is also S- and s-