Chemistry- rate and organic chemistry

Activation Energy

The minimum amount of energy that particles must have to react

Catalyst

A substance that speeds up a reaction by providing an alternative pathway with lower activation energy

Tangent

A straight line drawn on a curve used to calculate the gradient (rate) at a specific time

Factors that increase rate

Increasing temperature, concentration, pressure, or surface area

Collision Theory

Chemical reactions only occur when reacting particles collide with each other with sufficient energy

Reversible Reaction

A reaction where the products can react to produce the original reactants

Dynamic Equilibrium

Occurs in a closed system when the forward and reverse reactions happen at exactly the same rate

Le Chatelier’s Principle

If a change is made to the conditions of a system at equilibrium, the system will shift to counteract the change

Crude Oil

A finite resource found in rocks that is the remains of an ancient biomass consisting mainly of plankton

Hydrocarbon

A molecule consisting of only hydrogen and carbon atoms

Alkanes

Saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2

Fractional Distillation

Process used to separate crude oil into fractions with similar boiling points

Alkenes

Unsaturated hydrocarbons containing a C=C double bond, general formula CnH2n

Bromine Water Test

Test for alkenes

turns from orange to colourless

Cracking

The process of breaking down long-chain hydrocarbons into shorter, more useful chains (alkanes and alkenes)

Functional group of Alcohols

-OH

Functional group of Carboxylic Acids

-COOH

Addition Polymerisation

Monomers (alkenes) join together to form a very large molecule (polymer) with no other products

Condensation Polymerisation

Monomers join together and lose small molecules such as water

Biological Polymers

DNA (made of nucleotides), proteins (made of amino acids), and starch (made of glucose)