AAH-MIDTERMS

Copernicus

dislodged human beings from their central place in the cosmos

Darwin

deposed Homo sapiens from his privileged status as God’s ultimate creation

Sigmund Freud

• his early work with severely disturbed patients, followed by a period of intensive self-analysis, led him to develop a systematic procedure for treating emotional illnesses

• founder of psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis

therapeutic method by which repressed desires are brought to the conscious level to reveal the sources of emotional disturbance

Dream Analysis and Free Association

principal tools of psychoanalysis

free association

the spontaneous verbalization of thoughts

Human Behavior

Freud theorized that instinctual drives, especially the libido, or sex drive, governed _____

Oedipus Complex

Most psychic disorders, freud argued, were the result of sexual traumas stemming from the child’s unconscious attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and jealousy of the parent of the same sex

Oedipus Complex

in reference to the ancient Greek legend in which Oedipus, king of Thebes, unwittingly kills his father and marries his mother.

The Interpretation of Dreams

in which freud defended the significance of dreams in deciphering the unconscious life of the individual

Totem and Taboo

Freud examined the function of the unconscious in the evolution of the earliest forms of religion and morality.

The Sexual Life of Human Beings

a lecture presented to medical students at the University of Vienna in 1916, he examined the psychological roots of sadism, homosexuality, fetishism, and voyeurism—subjects still considered taboo in some social circles.

Proust, Kafka, and Joyce

are representative of the modern novelist’s preoccupation with the unconscious mind and with the role of memory and dreams in shaping reality.

Edvard Munch

The Scream, 1893. The ghostly foreground figure (___ himself) may have been inspired by an Inca mummy viewed by the artist in the Paris Exhibition of 1899.

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner

• Street, Berlin, 1913. Two stylishly dressed prostitutes press forward along a wildly tilted city street.

• ____ painted this and similar scenes after moving from Dresden to Berlin, during a time he described as being one of loneliness and depression.

Joan Miró

The Harlequin’s Carnival, 1924. Years after painting this picture, ___ claimed that some of the imagery in his early art was inspired by hallucinations brought on by hunger and by staring at the cracks in the plaster walls of his shabby Paris apartment.

Georgia O’keeffe

Cow’s Skull: with Calico Roses, 1931.

Frida Kahlo

• The Broken Column, 1944

• he protested “I never painted dreams. I painted my own reality.”

Salvador Dali

The Persistence of Memory (Persistance de la Mémoire), 1931. One of the most deceptive aspects of this painting is its size: while it appears to be a large canvas, it is actually not much larger than this page.

Hannah Höch

Cut with the Kitchen Knife, 1919. Collage of pasted papers. In this allegorical critique of Weimar culture, ___ irreverently assembles photographic images of political leaders, sports stars, Dada artists, and urban political events

Eric Satie

made use of mundane sounds

total wat and totalitarian dictatorship

Two fundamentally related calamities afflicted the twentieth century

World War I

the first total war in world history, ended forever the so-called “age of innocence”

The Great War of 1914

World War I

1939

start of World War II

1945

end of World War II

Total

world War II, called ___ not only because they involved more nations than had ever before been engaged in armed combat, but because they killed—along with military personnel— large numbers of civilians.

70 million

armed men fought in World War I

aggressive rivalry between European powers

underlying cause of both wars

Writers

responded to total war and totalitarianism with rage, disbelief, and compassion.

Owen, Eliot, and Yeats

Bitter indictments of World War I are found in the poetry of ____ who viewed war as an indication of the decay of Western civilization.

Erich Remarque

novelist, portrayed a firsthand account of trench warfare and the devastating nature of World War I.

Visual Artists

also protested against the calamities of war.

Max Ernst

used collage-paintings to create bizarre dehumanized images

George Grosz

produced mocking depictions of the German military machine

Russian Revolution of 1917

marked the beginnings of Soviet communism and ushered in decades of totalitarian rule inspired by the Marxist ideology of Vladimir Lenin.

America's Economy

like that of the rest of the world, suffered after World War I, and the country was swept into the Great Depression.

Social Realism

often a vehicle of social criticism and protest, dominated the novels of John Steinbeck and the murals of Thomas Hart Benton.

Dorothea Lange and other photographers

of the Great Depression, left a documentary record of rural poverty and oppression.

Adolf Hitler

under ______ the Nazi policy of militant racism brought about the brutal deaths of millions throughout Europe.

Photography

documented the horrifying realities of World War II.

Lee Miller

first female war photojournalist who made moving images of Nazi concentration camps.

Guernica

has become the quintessential antiwar painting of the twentieth century.

Sergei Eisenstein

The Russian filmmaker pioneered the technique of cinematic montage to brilliant effect in the classic film “The Battleship Potemkin”.

Dmitri Shostakovich and Sergei Prokofiev

composed in distinctly different but memorable musical styles.

Benjamin Britten

commemorated World War II in his War Requiem, in England

Krzysztof Penderecki

immortalized the harsh realities of twentieth-century genocide in atonal compositions, in Poland

Jean-Paul Sartre

the leading philosopher of the twentieth century, made significant contributions as a playwright, novelist, journalist, and literary critic.

Alienation and anxiety

were two principal conditions of the postwar mentality

Cold War

Following World War II, a contest for world domination known as the ____ determined the course of international relations.

Existentialism

a humanistic philosophy formulated by Jean-Paul Sartre, emphasized the role of individual choice in a world that lacked moral absolutes.