CBNS 127 quizzes final

Which cortical area is Most directly involved in the execution, rather than the planning, of voluntary movement?

C) Area 4

The six-layered mammalian neocortex is thought to have evolved from which structure in birds and reptiles?

B) Dorsal ventricular ridge (DVR)

True or False: Jacksonian seizures affect body regions on the same side as the cortical seizure activity?

False

Damage to the Broca’s area would MOST likely impair:

C) Production of fluent speech

Electrical stimulation of the right angular gyrus was associated with:

C) Out-of-body experiences

Which descending pathway primarily targets cranial nerve motor nuclei?

B) Corticobulbar tract

True or False: Betz cells are located in layer 5 of the primary motor cortex and make up only a small percentage of corticospinal neurons.

True

Edward Evarts recording of corticospinal neurons supported the idea that these neurons encode:

C) force and direction of movement

Mental rehearsal of complex movement sequences most strongly activates the:

Supplementary motor areas

Which statement best distinguishes apraxia from paralysis?

Apraxia reflects impaired motor planning despite preserved strength.

(True or False) In Xenopus embryos, swimming can be initiated by touching the tail or trunk, and inhibited by stimulating the cement gland.

True

What maintains the left-right alternation of motor neuron firing in Xenopus swim CPGs?

Cross reciprocal inhibition and post-inhibitory rebound.

Which type of interneuron in Xenopus tadpoles provides descending excitation to more posterior segments?

descending excitatory (D) interneurons

(True or False) In the Xenopus CPG, there are more C and D cells in the posterior than in the anterior spinal segments.

False

In lampreys, what role do NMDA rceptors play in generating fictive swimming?

They contribute to rhythmic membrane potential oscillations in interneurons.

(True or False) Motor Neurons are part of the central pattern generator (CPG) in lampreys.

False

What is the function of “edge cells” in the lamprey spinal cord?

C) Provide movement-related stretch feedback to the CPG

Which interneurons are responsible for delaying the switch from one side of the lamprey CPG to the other?

L-type INs

(True or False) In fictive lamprey swimming, a rostro-caudal phase lag is observed, and can be reversed by increasing NMDA concentration at caudal segments.

True

In salamanders, what determines whether the animal walks or swims in response to MLR stimulation?

The intensity of the MLR stimulation.

What did Tinbergan and Schleidt conclude about the chick crouching response to predator silhouettes?

B) It fades after repeated exposure

(True or False); Once initiated, the egg-rolling behavior in geese stops immediately if the egg is removed.

False

Which of the following best defines a fixed action pattern (FAP)?

An instinctive sequence triggered by a sign stimulus

What did Bekoff’s EMG recordings in chick embryos demonstrate?

Elements of intralimb coordination appear during embryonic motility.

(True or False). Vacuum activities occur even in the absence of normal stimuli.

True

What triggers hatching behavior in chicks?

The neck posture and internal cues.

(True or False) Imprinting in precocial birds is time-limited and often irreversible.

True.

(True or False) The auditory template in birdsong learners must be formed during a sensitive period.

True.

Which of the following best describes a “vacuum activity”?

A spontaneous, complete motor pattern triggered in the absence of external stimulus.

Which of the following behaviors is shaped by both innate mechanisms and learning?

Birdsong in zebra finches.

What cortical area is MOST directly involved in the execution, rather than the planning, of voluntary movement?

Area 4.

The six-layered mammalian neocortex is thought to have evolved from which structure in birds and reptiles?

Dorsal ventricular ridge (DVR)