WHAP: Unit 7-9 VOCAB

1918 Influenza

was the most severe pandemic in recent history. It was caused by an H1N1 virus with genes of avian origin. Although there is not universal consensus regarding where the virus originated, it spread worldwide during 1918-1919. (epidemic)

Abdel Nasser

was the second President of Egypt, serving from 1954 until his death in 1970. Nasser led the 1952 overthrow of the monarchy and introduced far-reaching land reforms the following year.

AIDS

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). By damaging your immune system, HIV interferes with your body's ability to fight infection and disease. (epidemic)

Albert Einstein

a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics. His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science.

Alliance

a union or association formed for mutual benefit, especially between countries or organizations.

Allied Powers

those countries allied in opposition to the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey) in World War I or to the Axis powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) in World War II.

Al-Qaeda

is a militant Islamist multi-national organization founded in 1988 by Osama bin Laden, Abdullah Azzam, and several other Arab volunteers during the Soviet–Afghan War. Al-Qaeda operates as a network of Islamic extremists and jihadists.

Alzheimer’s Disease

a progressive disorder that causes brain cells to waste away (degenerate) and die. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia — a continuous decline in thinking, behavioral and social skills that disrupts a person's ability to function independently. (associated with longevity)

Antibiotics

are medicines that help stop infections caused by bacteria. They do this by killing the bacteria or by keeping them from copying themselves or reproducing.

Apartheid

(in South Africa) a policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race.

Armenian Genocide

was the systematic mass murder and expulsion of 1.5 million ethnic Armenians (primarily Christians) carried out in Turkey and adjoining regions by the Ottoman government between 1914 and 1923.

Augusto Pinochet

as a Chilean general and politician who ruled as dictator of Chile from 1973 to 1990; he was determined to exterminate leftism in Chile and to reassert free-market policies in the country’s economy.

Autonomy

the right or condition of self-government.

Axis Powers

were the nations (Italy, Germany and Japan) that fought in World War II against the Allies.

Ayatollah Khomeini

was the leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 1979 and was later named the eternal religious and political leader of Iran.

Balfour Declaration

was a public statement issued by the British government in 1917 during the First World War announcing support for the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine, then an Ottoman region with a small minority Jewish population.

Biafra Secessionist Movement

a civil war in Nigeria fought between the government of Nigeria and the secessionist state of Biafra from 6 July 1967 to 15 January 1970.

Blitzkrieg

a term used to describe a method of offensive warfare designed to strike a swift, focused blow at an enemy using mobile, maneuverable forces, including armored tanks and air support. Such an attack ideally leads to a quick victory, limiting the loss of soldiers and artillery. This technique was used by the Germans in WWII.

Bollywood

Hindi cinema, formerly known as Bombay cinema, is the Indian Hindi-language film industry based in Mumbai (formerly Bombay). The term is a combination of "Bombay" and "Hollywood".

Cholera

an infectious and often fatal bacterial disease of the small intestine, typically contracted from infected water supplies and causing severe vomiting and diarrhea. (associated with poverty)

Civil Rights Act of 1965

is a landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting.

Cold War

a state of political hostility between countries (specifically the U.S.S.R and the U.S.) characterized by threats, propaganda, and other measures short of open warfare.

Contras

a member of a guerrilla force in Nicaragua that opposed the left-wing Sandinista government 1979–90, and was supported by the US for much of that time.

Czar Nicholas II

was the last Tsar of Russia, ruling from 1 November 1894 until his forced abdication on 15 (February) March 1917 during WWI.

Declaration of Human Rights

is a historic document that was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly at its third session on 10 December 1948; It sets out, for the first time, fundamental human rights to be universally protected and it has been translated into over 500 languages.

Decolonization

the action or process of a state withdrawing from a former colony, leaving it independent.

Deng Xiaoping

a Chinese politician who was the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China from 1978 until his retirement in 1992. He led China through economic reforms and the Tiananmen Square Massacre.

Ebola

a rare but deadly virus that causes fever, body aches, and diarrhea, and sometimes bleeding inside and outside the body. As the virus spreads through the body, it damages the immune system and organs. (example of an epidemic)

Facism

a form of far-right, authoritarian ultra-nationalism characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, and strong regimentation of society and of the economy which came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe.

Fascist Corporatist

a political ideology which advocates the organization of society by corporate groups, such as agricultural, labor, military, scientific, or guild associations on the basis of their common interests. The hypothesis that society will reach a peak of harmonious functioning when each of its divisions efficiently performs its designated function, such as a body's organs individually contributing its general health and functionality, lies at the center of corporatist theory.

Fidel Castro

a Cuban communist revolutionary and politician who governed the Republic of Cuba as Prime Minister from 1959 to 1976 and then as President of the Council of State and Council of Ministers in Cuba from 1976 to 2008.

Firebombing

a bombing technique designed to damage a target, generally an urban area, through the use of fire, caused by incendiary devices, rather than from the blast effect of large bombs.

Five Year Plans

a government plan for economic development over five years. The first such plan in the Soviet Union was inaugurated in 1928 by Joseph Stalin.

Francisco Franco

a Spanish general and dictator who ruled over Spain from 1939 to 1975. During his rule Franco assumed the title Caudillo and was willing to work with Nazi Germany to help Spain regain its previous glory.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

an American politician who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. (during WWII) His New Deal program was aimed at alleviating the economic pressures of the Great Depression.

Glasnost

the policy or practice of a more open government and wider dissemination of information, initiated by leader Mikhail Gorbachev from 1985.

Green Belt Movement

s an indigenous, grassroots, non-governmental organization based in Kenya that takes a holistic approach to a development by focusing on environmental conservation, community development and capacity building.

Green Revolution

the Third Agricultural Revolution, is a set of research technology transfer initiatives occurring between 1950 and the late 1960s, that increased agricultural production worldwide with the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties, particularly in the developing world.

Greenpeace

a non-governmental environmental organization which focuses its campaigning on worldwide issues such as climate change, deforestation, overfishing, commercial whaling, genetic engineering, and anti-nuclear issues.

Harry Truman

the 33rd president of the United States from 1945 to 1953, (the end of WWII) succeeding upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt after serving as vice president. He implemented the Marshall Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe and established the Truman Doctrine and NATO.

Heart disease

conditions that include diseased vessels, structural problems, and blood clots. (associated with longevity)

Ho Chi Minh

a North Vietnamese revolutionary and politician. He served as the procommunist Prime Minister of North Vietnam from 1945 to 1955 and then its President from 1945 to 1969.

Holocaust

the systematic state-sponsored killing of six million Jewish men, women, and children and millions of others by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II.

Ideology

a system of ideas and ideals, especially one which forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy.

Idi Amin

a Ugandan military officer who served as the President of Uganda from 1971 to 1979. Popularly known as the "Butcher of Uganda", he is considered one of the cruelest despots in world history.

Indian National Congress

also known as the Congress Party, broadly based political party of India. Formed in 1885, the Indian National Congress dominated the Indian movement for independence from Great Britain. (The Quit India Movement)

International Monetary Fund

an international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., consisting of 189 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty.

Joseph Stalin

a revolutionary and Soviet politician who led the Soviet Union as a totalitarian from the mid–1920s until 1953 (during WWII) as the general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and premier of the Soviet Union.

Julius Nyerere

a Tanzanian anti-colonial activist, politician, and political theorist who support African socialism. He governed Tanganyika as Prime Minister from 1961 to 1962 and then as President from 1963 to 1964, after which he led its successor state, Tanzania, as President from 1964 to 1985.

Knowledge economy

the use of knowledge to create goods and services; an economy in which growth is dependent on the quantity, quality, and accessibility of the information available, rather than the means of production.

Korean War

a war between North Korea (Communist) and South Korea (Democratic). The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea. (proxy war)

Kwame Nkrumah

a Ghanaian politician and revolutionary. He was the first Prime Minister and President of Ghana, having led the Gold Coast to independence from Britain in 1957.

League of Nations

the first worldwide intergovernmental organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace.

Liberation Theology

a synthesis of Christian theology and socio-economic analyses, based in far-left politics, particularly Marxism, that emphasizes “social concern for the poor and political liberation for oppressed peoples”.

Malaria

a mosquito borne disease with intermittent and remittent fever; caused when a parasite is transmitted by mosquitoes; found in many tropical and subtropical regions. (associated with poverty)

Manchukuo

officially the State of Manchuria prior to 1934 and the Empire of Manchuria after 1934, was a puppet state of the Empire of Japan in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia from 1932 until 1945.

Mandate System

A League of Nations mandate was a legal status for certain territories transferred from the control of one country to another following World War I, or the legal instruments that contained the internationally agreed-upon terms for administering the territory on behalf of the League of Nations.

Mao Zedong

also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary who became the founding father of the People's Republic of China, which he ruled as the chairman of the Communist Party of China from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976.

Margaret Thatcher

also known as the Iron Lady, was a British stateswoman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. (encouraged free market policies)

Martin Luther King Jr.

an American Christian minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the Civil Rights Movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968.

Mengistu Haile Mariam

an Ethiopian soldier and politician who was the leader of Ethiopia from 1977 to 1991. He was the chairman of the Derg, the socialist military junta that governed Ethiopia (1977–87), and the President of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia from 1987–91.

Metropole

the parent state of a colony.

Mexican Revolution

a complex and bloody conflict which arguably spanned two decades beginning in 1910, and in which 900,000 people lost their lives and led to the overthrow the dictator Porfirio Díaz.

Mohandas Gandhi

was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist, and political ethicist, who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British Rule, and in turn inspire movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

politician and the founder of Pakistan. Jinnah served as the leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until Pakistan's creation on August 14 1947, and then as Pakistan's first Governor-General until his death.

Multinational Corporations

is a corporate organization that owns or controls production of goods or services in at least one country other than its home country.

NAFTA

The North American Free Trade Agreement is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America.

NATO

an organization (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) formed in Washington, D.C. (1949), comprising the 12 nations of the Atlantic Pact together with Greece, Turkey, and the Federal Republic of Germany, for the purpose of collective defense against communist aggression.

Nazi

a member of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party.

Negritude

literary movement of the 1930s, '40s, and '50s that began among French-speaking African and Caribbean writers living in Paris as a protest against French colonial rule and the policy of assimilation. It aimed at raising and cultivating "Black consciousness" across Africa and its diaspora.

Nelson Mandela

a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader, and philanthropist who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election.

New Deal

a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1939. It responded to needs for relief, reform, and recovery from the Great Depression.

Non-Aligned Movement

Perestroika

Proliferation

Proxy War

Quebecois Separatist Movement

Quit India Movement

Reggae

Reparations

Ronald Reagan

Sandinistas

Shining Path

Sukarno

The Great Leap Forward

The World Trade Organization

Tiananmen Square Massacre

Total War

Totalitarianism

Treaty of Versailles

Tuberculosis

Unsustainable

not able to be maintained at the current rate of level.

Vaccines

Vietnam War

Vladimir Lenin

Warsaw Pact

Weibo

White Revolution

Winston Churchill

World Bank