World History Honors Final Exam Master Flashcard Set

This set of $$1000$$ practice flashcards covers key vocabulary, events, and figures from the World History Honors Final Exam study guide, spanning Imperialism, WWI, the Russian Revolution, and the Rise of Fascism.

Absolute Monarchy

A form of government where one person is in charge of a whole country.

Constitutional Monarchy

A system where both a King and a Government are in power together.

Republic

A form of government where the power is held by the people and their elected representatives.

Human Rights

Rights that every human can exercise regardless of their characteristics, enforced by the United Nations.

Enforcing Agency for Human Rights

The United Nations (UN).

Liberalism, Radicalism, and Nationalism

The three major political ideologies that carried over from Semester $1$ to Semester $2$.

Democratic Ideas

Concepts of governance based on public participation that are reviewed from the first semester.

Key Economic Theories

Capitalism, Socialism, and Communism.

Karl Marx

The thinker associated with communism and the author of The Communist Manifesto.

Proletariat

The working class mentioned in the ideologies of Karl Marx.

Bourgeoisie

The class that is often the elite, as described in Marxist theory.

Imperialism

The seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country.

Imperialism in Africa

A phase of empire building where Europeans established colonies, ignoring claims of African ethnic groups and kingdoms.

Berlin Conference

A conference in Berlin ($1884$-$1885$) where European countries discussed how Africa should be split; no African delegates were present.

Main Cause of World War I (Ch $29-1$)

Imperialism is cited as a major cause of the conflict.

Jewel in the Crown

What the British considered India to be due to its value as a provider of raw materials and a market for goods.

British East India Company

The company responsible for managing trade in India before direct British rule.

Mughal Empire

The Islamic Empire that was in power in India before the British East India Company took control.

Sepoy Mutiny

A rebellion of Indian soldiers caused by the use of pig and cow fat on rifle cartridges.

Ram Mohan Roy

Often called the 'Father of Modern India,' he was a social reformer who sought to modernize India while maintaining pride.

Indian National Congress (INC)

A political party formed in $1885$ by English-educated Indians to seek more say in government.

Muslim League

A group formed in $1906$ to protect the rights of the Muslim minority in India.

Western Economic Pressure on China

Forces that compelled China to open to foreign trade and influence in the $19^{th}$ century.

Lin Zexu’s Letter

A famous letter written to Queen Victoria regarding the illegal opium trade.

Opium War

A conflict between China and Britain triggered by the smuggling of opium into Chinese shores.

Treaty of Nanjing ($1842$)

An unequal treaty where China paid reparations, gave Hong Kong to Britain, and allowed free trading rights.

Taiping Rebellion ($1850$-$1864$)

A massive rebellion led by Hong Xiuquan that resulted in an estimated $20$ million + deaths.

Boxer Rebellion ($1900$)

An uprising by the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists against the Qing dynasty and Europeans.

Meiji Era

An era of 'Enlightened rule' in Japan that lasted $45$ years, focusing on modernization and industrialization.

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

The 'Spark' of World War I, occurring on June $28$, $1914$.

The Black Hand

The secret society against Austrian rule that Gavrilo Princip belonged to.

Schlieffen Plan

A German military strategy for a two-front war, involving a quick defeat of France before fighting Russia.

Zimmermann Telegram

A German note to Mexico proposing an alliance against the US, serving as a reason for US entry into WWI.

The Armistice

The agreement to stop fighting in WWI, signed on November $11$, $1918$.

Wilson’s $14$ Points

A series of peace proposals by the US President designed to prevent future wars.

League of Nations

An international community established after WWI to discuss world issues and maintain peace.

Treaty of Versailles

A harsh peace settlement that blamed Germany for the war and required it to pay reparations.

Nicholas II

The last Tsar of the Romanov dynasty in Russia, considered a weak and timid ruler.

Rasputin

A figure who hindered Nicholas II's popularity through his influence over the Queen.

Bloody Sunday ($1905$)

An incident where peaceful protesters in Russia were shot at by the military.

March Revolution ($1917$)

The revolution that led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the establishment of a Provisional Government.

November Revolution ($1917$)

A Bolshevik coup d'etat under the leadership of Lenin.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

A treaty that ended the war between Russia and Germany in WWI, resulting in huge land losses for Russia.

Totalitarianism

A form of government where the state seeks total control over both public and private life.

Five-Year Plans

Stalin's economic strategies aimed at turning the Soviet Union into an industrial power.

Holodomor

A man-made famine in Ukraine conducted by Stalin to gain control of farmland for industrialization.

Kuomintang

The Nationalist party in China led by figures like Sun Yixian.

Sun Yixian

A leader in the Chinese Nationalist movement and revolution of $1911$.

Mao Zedong

The leader of the rise of Communists in China and the Long March.

Long March

A retreat by the Chinese Communists to escape the Nationalists.

Japan's Invasion of Manchuria

An aggressive imperialist move by Japan in $1931$, followed by an invasion of China in $1937$.

Gandhi's Tactics

Civil disobedience and non-violence, including the Salt March.

Partition of $1947$

The division of the British colony of India into two independent nations: India and Pakistan.

Fascism

An extreme form of government that promised to revive the economy and restore national pride by punishing those responsible for hard times.

Benito Mussolini

The Fascist leader of Italy known as 'Il Duce'.

Blackshirts

Paramilitary soldiers who worked for Mussolini in Italy.

Adolf Hitler

The leader of the Nazi party in Germany, known as 'Der Fuehrer'.

Nazism

The German brand of fascism.

Mein Kampf

The book written by Hitler in jail outlining his ideologies of democracy being stupid and the 'Aryan' master class.

Lebensraum

A German concept meaning 'living space,' used as a justification for territorial expansion.

Nuremberg Laws

A set of laws that stripped Jews of German citizenship and categorized them as second-class citizens.

Kristallnacht

The 'Night of Broken Glass' on November $9$, $1938$, where Nazis destroyed Jewish homes and murdered many Jews.

Appeasement

The diplomatic strategy of making concessions to an aggressive power, such as Hitler, to avoid conflict.

Munich Conference

A meeting where Nazis were permitted to annex the Sudetenland in exchange for a promise of no more expansion.

Non-Aggression Pact ($1939$)

An agreement between the Soviet Union and Germany to not attack each other, which Germany later broke.

Blitzkrieg

A military tactic meaning 'lightning war,' emphasizing surprise and speed, used by Germany in WWII.

Paternalism

A colonial practice restricting rights for the 'benefit' of Europeans, based on the belief that Africans couldn't run a country.

Assimilation

A colonial policy where a subject population adopts the culture of the colonizing nation, causing original traditions to be forgotten.

Social Darwinism

The belief that Europeans were superior to non-Europeans because the latter had not undergone an industrial revolution.

Effective Occupation

A rule from the Berlin Conference requiring a police force, treaties with local leaders, and a flag to control a colony.

Colony

A country or area controlled by another nation, typically one far away.

Protectorate

A territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power.

Sphere of Influence

An area where an outside power has exclusive trading privileges.

Cecil Rhodes

A businessman and imperialist who believed Europeans were responsible for sharing their ideas with Africans.

King Leopold II

Ruler of Belgium who oversaw cruel forced labor for rubber extraction in the Congo Free State.

Otto Von Bismarck

Leader of Germany and the host of the Berlin Conference.

Henry Stanley

The American journalist who found David Livingstone and helped King Leopold II rule the Congo.

Jules Ferry

Prime Minister of France and co-host of the Berlin Conference.

David Livingstone

Scottish Missionary who promoted Christianity in Africa and went missing before being found by Stanley.

Quinine

A medicine that prevented malaria, allowing Europeans to travel further into Africa.

Maxim Gun

The world's first machine gun, which gave Europeans a major military advantage over African resistance.

Boer War

A conflict between the British and Dutch settlers (Boers) in South Africa, involving guerrilla tactics and concentration camps.

Menelik II

The leader of Ethiopia who successfully resisted European rule by buying modern guns and defeating Italy at the Battle of Adowa.

Battle of Adowa

The battle in which Ethiopia defeated a European power to maintain its independence.

Samori Toure

An African leader who fought against the French using guerrilla tactics for $16$ years.

Maji Maji Rebellion

A revolt in German East Africa where colonists believed a special water could turn bullets into water; $75,000$ people died.

Zulus

A South African group that fought a close war against the British after their leader Shaka died.

Shaka

The strong leader of the Zulus whose death led to problems for his people's resistance.

Ethiopia and Liberia

The only two areas in Africa that remained free of European control by c. $1914$.

Direct Control Goal

The primary goal is assimilation.

Indirect Control Goal

The primary goal is to develop future leaders.

Sepoys

Indian soldiers in the British East India Company's army, usually in low ranks.

Sati

A traditional practice where a widow sacrificed herself on her husband’s funeral pyre, banned by the British in $1829$.

Polygamy

The practice of having more than one spouse, which reformers and British officials targeted in India.

Dadabhai Naoroji

The first Asian to be a British Member of Parliament.

Raj

The period of direct British rule over India after the Sepoy Rebellion.

Modernization 'Pro' in India

The British built the world's $3^{rd}$ largest railroad network in India.

Negative Effects of British Rule in India

Cash crops replaced food crops, leading to famines, and local weavers were put out of business.

Canton

The British name for Guangzhou, one of the few ports in China where foreigners could trade with restrictions.

Trade Deficit

A situation where a country faces losses by trading with another country, as Britain did with China initially.