ph law and ethics final

True or false: regulations are not made by legislatures, so they do not have the force of law. 

False

True or false: data published by government agencies is understood to come from peer-reviewed research.

True

An organized group of gerontologists decides to add a statement endorsing the option of physician-assisted suicide for terminally ill patients to its organizational code. This group is demonstrating its ________ stance. 

Regulatory

Moral

Statutory

Policy

Ethical

Ethical

In 2021, New Jersey governor Phil Murphy issued an executive order mandating that child care facility employees be vaccinated against covid-19 or undergo weekly covid testing. This policy is an example of a:

Precedent

Case law

Rule that has the force of law

Statute

Common law

Rule that has the force of law

A statute legalizing physician-assisted suicide is passed after a majority of voters statewide affirm their support for a proposal. This is an example of:

Common law

A legislative initiative

Regulatory law

A ballot initiative

Indirect democracy

A ballot initiative

True or false: physician-assisted suicide is a legally available option for most Americans.

False

A hospice nurse refuses to participate in the physician-assisted suicide care being planned for one of her patients because she feels that this practice is wrong. This nurse is acting upon her personal _____:

Morals

Policies

Regulations

Ethics

Dilemmas

Morals

A doctor respects a patient’s refusal of a blood transfusion on the grounds of patient autonomy. This is an example of a:

Utilitarian approach

Consequentialist approach 

Culturally competent approach 

Deontological approach

Moralizing approach 

Deontological approach

The study of ethical theories and concepts is referred to as:

Utilitarianism

Moral inquiry

Virtue ethics

Metaethics

Empiricism

Metaethics

Which of the following classic bioethics issues was NOT raised in the Buck v. Bell case?

Informed consent

Compulsory vaccination

The treatment of people with disabilities

Reproductive rights

Compulsory vaccination

True or false: The Supreme Court sided with Carrie Buck in deciding Buck v. Bell. 

False

Which of the following is NOT one of the four bioethical principles in medicine and public health?

Forbearance

Autonomy

Justice

Beneficence

Nonmaleficence

Forbearance

A community pool is shut down temporarily during a heatwave due to a suspected link to a water-borne illness outbreak, depriving regular pool users of a way to cool off for the sake of protecting the community as a whole. The ethical theory associated with this type of decision is:

Utilitarianism

Virtue ethics

Deontology

Metaethics

Comparative ethics

Utilitarianism

The study of health-related ethics issues is referred to as:

Moral inquiry

Deontology

Consequentialism

Hippocratism

Bioethics

Bioethics

A pseudoscience emphasizing the elimination of undesirable human traits was known as:

Ethnic cleansing

Family Planning

Eugenics

Selective reproduction

CRISPR

Eugenics

True or false: the purpose of public health services are to prevent disease and injury and support a complete state of well-being at the individual level.

False

Which of the following is not one of the five domains of the social determinants of health?

Personal health behavior decisions

Economic stability

Social and community context 

Neighborhood and built environment 

Education access and quality 

Personal health behavior decisions

True or false: the main level of prevention that public health efforts are focused on is the tertiary level. 

False

The Biologics Control Act:

Was repealed in 1909

Resulted in the creation of the Department of Health & Human Services

Authorized the states to regulate drug manufacturing

Started federal regulation of the drug industry

Happened as the result of the thalidomide disaster 

Started federal regulation of the drug industry

Which of the following gave the FDA more authority to regulate food and drugs?

The Biologics Control Act 

The FDA Empowerment Act 

The Affordable Care Act 

The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 

Buck v. Bell 

The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938

The FDA administrator who championed stronger scrutiny of drug applications by refusing to approve thalidomide was:

Vivek Murthy 

Anthony Fauci 

Robert Califf

Frances Kelsey 

Benjamin Rush

Frances Kelsey

The main US federal health organization is:

The National Academy of Medicine

The US Food and Drug Administration

The US Department of Health and Human Services 

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

The National Institutes of Health 

The US Department of Health and Human Services

True or false: the US public health infrastructure is partially made up of non-governmental entities. 

True

True or false: the US healthcare system is a part of the US public health infrastructure. 

False

True or false: the US spends more per person on healthcare than any other nation. 

True

“To support the design, implementation, monitoring, evaluation, and wide application of laws that improve public health and the performance of health systems” describes:

The public health code of ethics

Consequentialist ethics

The mission of public health law

The public health code of legal ethics

Deontological ethics

The mission of public health law

True or false: deaths associated with motor vehicle accidents have increased dramatically over the past century. 

False

In the context of public health law, a counselor refers to:

A life coach

A lawyer

A doctor

A health consultant

A therapist

A lawyer

The Department of Transportation writes tougher airbag design regulations for automobile manufacturers and is sued by a group representing the auto industry. A lawyer who is not working on the case files an amicus curiae brief on behalf of a professional group of engineers in support of the government. This lawyer is engaging in:

Deliberation

Representation

Promulgation

Litigation

Agitation

Representation

“The scientific study and use of law as a factor in the cause, distribution, and prevention of disease and injury in a population” is referred to as:

Legal epidemiology

Policy surveillance

Medicolegal research

Public health promulgation

Legal etiology

Legal epidemiology

A team of researchers conduct a study to investigate the association between a minimum wage law and mental health outcomes in a community. These researchers are engaging in:

Legal etiology

Disease surveillance

Regulatory oversight

Medicolegal research

Representation

Legal etiology

The systematic tracking of laws is referred to as:

Policy surveillance

Legal etiology

Regulatory oversight

Cohort research

Scientific legalism

Policy surveillance

The logic that emphasizes the professional commitment to uphold values such as autonomy, integrity, trust, and the well-being of others is known as:

Market logic

Consequentialist logic

Bureaucratic logic

Deontological logic

Ethical logic

Ethical logic

The ethical theory most closely associated with the medical profession is:

Deontology

Virtue ethics

Utilitarianism

Legal epidemiology

Consequentialism

Deontology

The ethical theory most closely associated with public health is:

First, do no harm

Market logic

Consequentialism

Deontology 

Legal epidemiology

Consequentialism

A city government bans the sale of soft drinks sized 60 ounces or larger. This is an example of: 

Case law

Litigation

Prohibition

Zoning

A demonstration

Prohibition

A state government requires all drivers to purchase car insurance. This is an example of:

Licensure law

Litigation

A mandate

Prohibition

A tort

A mandate

True or false: in the United States, it is legal for a city or state to mandate that citizens be vaccinated.

True

A state medical board issues a new medical school graduate authorization to practice medicine. This is an example of: 

A mandate

Licensure

Zoning

Prohibition

A tort

Licensure

The process of taking legal action or resolving disputes through the court system is referred to as:

Litigation

Tort reform

Procedural justice

Retaliatory action

Arbitration

Litigation

Several cities each sue the manufacturer of a dangerous drug after incurring significant economic losses supporting harmed citizens. While considered as a group, each plaintiff’s case is separate. This type of litigation is called:

A class action suit

Criminal justice

An open trial 

Arbitration

Mass tort litigation

Mass tort litigation

Disputes between individuals or organizations that involve non-criminal matters are called: 

Civil litigation

Bureaucratic cases

Arbitration

Administrative cases

Admiralty law

Civil litigation

Litigation involving a plaintiff representing a larger group that is treated as a single case is called:

Mass tort litigation

Admiralty law

Class action

Criminal litigation

Arbitration

Class action

A city council votes to increase the sales tax on alcohol. This is an example of using the law to: 

Alter the economic environment 

Alter the informational environment

Incentivize drinking 

Address a communicable disease 

Alter the built environment 

Alter the economic environment 

A town votes to restrict the development of multi-dwelling housing units. This is an example of using the law to:

Litigate

Affect the informational environment

Engage in arbitration

Incentivize people to move 

Affect the built environment 

Affect the built environment 

The Haddon matrix incorporates a model including the agent, host, and environment. This model is referred to as:

The public health disease theory

The environmental health model 

The viral spread simulator 

The Haddon combination 

The epidemiologic triangle 

The epidemiologic triangle 

A group of city planners works with epidemiologists, engineers, educators, and community members to contribute to the design of a new waterfront development to ensure that it includes ample green space for recreation and leisure. This effort reflects which approach?

Consensus engineering 

Health in All Policies 

Opaque development 

Development at all costs

Home rule 

Health in All Policies 

The constitutional power of Congress to tax and spend for the general welfare of the US is known as:

The Preamble to the Constitution 

The General Welfare Clause

The power of the account

The enumerated power 

The delegated power 

The General Welfare Clause

The part of the US Constitution that gives Congress the authority to regulate interstate commerce is called:

The enumerated power 

The General Welfare Clause 

The Commerce Clause

The Haddon Clause

The Consensus Clause 

The Commerce Clause

The FDA regulates the sale of pharmaceuticals because they are sold across state lines. This authority is made possible by:

The Commerce Clause

The Declaration of Independence

The Supreme Court

The First Amendment

The Articles of the Confederation

The Commerce Clause

A state government imposes a mask mandate for all public employees during a viral disease epidemic. The authority (police power) of this government to make this rule is given by:

The First Amendment 

The State Authority Stipulation 

The Department of Justice 

The Supreme Court

The 10th Amendment 

The 10th Amendment 

Federal law takes precedence over state law in the US due to:

The Supremacy Clause of the Constitution 

The Federalist Papers

The General Welfare Clause 

The 14th Amendment

The right to due process

The Supremacy Clause of the Constitution 

In the US, power to govern is divided between local, state, and federal levels. This system reflects: 

Federalism 

Authoritarianism

Oligarchy 

Direct democracy 

Socialism 

Federalism 

The federal government passes a law that explicitly states that it overrides any state or local laws. This is an example of:

Obstacle preemption 

Implied preemption 

Field preemption 

Conflict preemption 

Express preemption 

Express preemption 

A court finds that a state’s law has undermined the objectives of a federal law. This is referred to as:

Federal preemption 

Local preemption 

Express preemption

Classic preemption 

Obstacle preemption 

Obstacle preemption 

The specific powers granted to the federal government by the United States Constitution are called:

The commerce powers

The power of the purse

The Bill of Rights 

Police powers

The enumerated powers

The enumerated powers

True or false: the Constitution gives the federal government unlimited authority to make public health policy. 

False

Powers not specified to the federal government by the Constitution are reserved to the states or the people by:

The Second Amendment

The Taxing and Spending Clause

The General Welfare Clause 

The Tenth Amendment

The Fifth Amendment

The Tenth Amendment

Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution specifies:

The power of the states to tax and spend

\State police power 

The powers of Congress

The Bill of Rights

The power of the purse

The powers of Congress

Which of the following aspects of the Constitution is especially relevant to public health policy?

The First Amendment

The Commerce Clause 

Article II, Section 1 

The Second Amendment 

Article IV, Section 3

The Commerce Clause 

True or false: the US Constitution specifically mentions public health. 

False

True or false: due to Supreme Court rulings, the Commerce Clause provides only narrow authority to the federal government to regulate commerce. 

False

The component of the US Constitution that has been called “the principal constitutional foundation of the modern regulatory state” is:

The Tenth Amendment 

The Taxing and Spending Clause 

The Commerce Clause

The General Welfare Clause 

The Necessary and Proper Clause 

The Commerce Clause

The following is the text of which two clauses: “the Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States…”

The Commerce Clause and the Debt Payment Clause 

Santa and Mrs. Clause 

The First and Second Clauses

The Taxing and Spending Clause and the General Welfare Clause 

The Common Clause and the Impost Clause 

The Taxing and Spending Clause and the General Welfare Clause 

True or false: states derive their power to regulate public health through plenary power. 

True

True or false: the 5th Amendment of the US Constitution expanded due process limitations to state governments. 

False

The principle that ensures fair treatment before a person is deprived of life, liberty, or property is referred to as:

Common law

Equal rights

General Welfare

Due process

Natural law

Due process

The methods and procedures that the government must follow before depriving an individual of life, liberty, or property describe:

Strict scrutiny

Substantive due process

Procedural due process

Miranda rights

Civil law

Procedural due process

Which of the following is not one of the considerations that courts use to evaluate procedural due process claims?

The value of additional procedures

The doctrine of state action 

The government’s interest

The private interest affected

The risk of erroneous deprivation 

The doctrine of state action 

Which of the following is not a fundamental right as described in class?

The right to keep custody of one’s children 

The right to physician-supported death

The right to procreate

The right to marry

The right to vote

The right to physician-supported death

True or false: substantive due process is about the infringement of fundamental rights. 

True

True or false: If a court finds that a fundamental right has been violated, it applies the rational basis test. 

False

“Due process protections only apply to governmental actions” refers to which of the following?

The General Welfare Clause

The state action doctrine

The Taxing and Spending Clause 

The 3rd Amendment 

The Commerce Clause

The state action doctrine

True or false: the concept of equal protection of the law originates from the 14th Amendment. 

True

True or false: courts will apply intermediate scrutiny for equal protections reviews for quasi-suspect classes. 

True

True or false: the text of the First Amendment of the Constitution explicitly protects commercial speech. 

False

The rationale that posits that the best way to discover truth and foster progress is through open discussion and debate is called the: 

The social goods doctrine

Marketplace of ideas 

Free speech doctrine

Democratic governance

Individual autonomy doctrine 

Marketplace of ideas 

The social good rationale that emphasizes the importance of individual conscience and the right to hold and express beliefs, even if they are unpopular or controversial is:

Individual autonomy and dignity 

Commercial speech doctrine

Free speech doctrine

The marketplace of ideas

Democratic governance

Individual autonomy and dignity 

True or false: commercial speech has been granted the same protections as individual speech since the 1800s. 

False

Which of the following is not part of the Central Hudson test?

Is the regulation more extensive than necessary?

Is the speech lawful?

Is the action in question a state or federal one?

Does the regulation directly advance the interest?

Does the government have a substantial interest?

Is the action in question a state or federal one?

True or false: a federal appeals court ruled in 2024 that the FDA does have the authority to implement graphic warnings on tobacco products. 

True

Which of the following is not one of the criteria that courts must use to evaluate whether a government action unlawfully infringes upon religious practice?

The action must have a secular purpose 

The action must not foster excessive government entanglement with religion

The action must have a religious purpose

The action must not advance or inhibit religion 

The action must have a religious purpose

True or false: the Supreme Court, in District of Columbia v. Heller ruled that the Second Amendment protects an individual’s right to possess a firearm in public. 

False

True or false: the Supreme Court, in New York State Rifle and Pistol Association v. Bruen ruled that the Second Amendment guarantees a right to bear arms in public for self-defense.

True

True or false: the federal government restricted the CDC from funding gun violence research in the mid-90s. 

True

True or false: lobbying data is impossible for citizens to access.

False

The law that requires lobbyists to register with the government and disclose certain information about their lobbying efforts if they meet certain spending criteria is: 

The Dark Money Disclosure Act

The IRS 501(h) rule

The IRS 501(c)(3) designation

The Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995

The First Amendment 

The Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995

Which of the following is not one of the required quarterly disclosures that lobbyists must make?

The amounts spent on lobbying activities 

The names of the clients they represent

The legislative or executive branches they targeted 

The net worth of the clients they represent

Specific issues they lobby on 

The net worth of the clients they represent

True or false: The IRS requires 501(c)(3) organizations to engage in a certain amount of lobbying.

False

Under section 501(h) of the Internal Revenue Code, the “expenditure test” requires that 501(c)(3) organizations with up to $500,000 in total expenditures can spend a maximum of how much on lobbying?

50% of annual expenditures 

10% of total expenditures 

20% of annual expenditures

5% of annual expenditures

15% of total expenditures

20% of annual expenditures

Appealing to policymakers directly regarding a specific bill or public policy is called:

Direct lobbying 

Public advocacy

Private advocacy 

Grassroots lobbying 

Restricted advocacy 

Direct lobbying 

Which of the following is not one of the central features of the Collective Impact Model?

Emphasizes continuous communication

Emphasizes having a common agenda

Emphasizes having a backbone support organization for administration

Emphasizes social justice

Emphasizes having mutually reinforcing activities

Emphasizes social justice

True or false: the Collaborating for Equity and Justice advocacy model emphasizes involving non-experts who are impacted by the issue being advocated for. 

True

 Which of the following is not an element of an effective advocacy strategy?

A communication plan

An established target audience

Developed messaging 

Involving only experts in the planning 

A clearly articulated plan

Involving only experts in the planning 

When organizations appeal to the public to communicate with policymakers regarding a bill, this is referred to as:

Public lobbying

Direct lobbying 

Indirect lobbying 

Grassroots lobbying

Persuasive lobbying 

Grassroots lobbying

“Sustained and focused control exercised by a public agency over activities that are socially valued” is called:

Regulation

Control

Demarcation

Legislation

Case law

Regulation

How regulators exercise their authority to ensure compliance with laws, rules, and standards is described as:

Bureaucracy

Control

Solicitation

Law enforcement

Legislating

Control

The first e-cigarette laws were criticized for not being evidence-based. This is an example of how regulations:

Can lack the force of law

Can be too complex

Can be unrelated to the public’s health

Can be ill-intentioned 

Can lack an evidence base and/or be poorly designed 

Can lack an evidence base and/or be poorly designed 

Smoking bans alienated rural communities where many people still smoked. This is an examples of how regulations:

Can take a one-size-fits-all approach 

Can be ill-intentioned 

Can be too complex

Can lack an evidence base

Can be unrelated to the public’s health 

Can take a one-size-fits-all approach 

The 1978 federal response to lead paint didn’t go far enough to address what was being discovered about the extent of the danger of existing lead paint. This is an example of how regulation:

Can be ill-intentioned 

Can take a one-size-fits-all approach 

Can end up making the problem worse

Can fail to adapt to new information

Can lack an evidence base

Can fail to adapt to new information