N209 Exam 3

Tail of Spence

Superior lateral corner of breast tissue that projects up and laterally into the axillae.

Supernumerary nipple

Extra nipple located somewhere along the track of the mammary ridge.

Thelarche

Beginning of breast development.

Menarche

Beginning of menstruation.

Gynecomastia

Temporary breast tissue enlargement; benign growth of breast tissue that makes it distinguishable from other tissues in the chest wall.

Mastalgia

Pain or tenderness in the breast that can occur with trauma, inflammation, infection, or benign breast disease.

Galactorrhea

White milky discharge from the nipple present during pregnancy, breastfeeding, and up to one year after weaning.

BSE

breast self-examination

Mammography

A screening X-ray image of the breast

Lymphadenopathy

Edema or enlargement of regional lymph nodes.

Peau d’orange

Edema of the breast that thickens the skin and exaggerates hair follicles, giving a pigskin or orange peel look

Epigastric

area of the abdomen between the costal margins (upper middle)

Umbilical

area of the abdomen around the umbilicus

hypogastric or suprapubic

area of the abdomen above the pubic bone (lower middle)

anorexia

loss of appetite from GI disease as a side effect to some medications, with pregnancy, or with mental health disorders

dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

pyrosis

heartburn

Barrett’s esophagus

Damage to the esophagus due to acid reflux in the stomach, increases the risk of developing esophageal cancer

eructation

belching

hematemesis

bloody emesis

pica

eating of nonfoods

anorexia nervosa

a serious psychosocial disorder that includes loss of appetite, voluntary starvation, and grave weight loss

striae

(linea albicantes) stretch marks

normal bowel sounds

bowel sounds that are high-pitched, gurgling, cascading sounds, occurring irregularly anywhere from 5 to 34 times per minute

hyperactive sounds

abnormal bowel sounds that are loud, high-pitched, rushing, tinkling sounds that signal increased motility

hypoactive or absent sounds

abnormal bowel sounds following abdominal surgery or with inflammation of the peritoneum

borborygmus

hyper peristalsis when you feel your stomach growling

ascites

free fluid in the peritoneal cavity

Blumberg sign

rebound tenderness occurring in the right lower quadrant when pressure is applied to the left lower quadrant

mcburney point

located on the abdomen 1.5 to 2 inches from the ileum along a straight line from the anterior superior spinous process of the ileum to the umbilicus, pain in this area is associated with appendicitis

diastasis recti

a separation of the rectus muscles with a visible bulge along the midline

dermatome

circumscribed skin area that is supplied mainly from 1 spinal cord segment through a particular spinal nerve

concussion

a head injury from a direct blow or jolt to the head that causes rotation of the brain inside the skull and shear injury

syncope

a sudden loss of strength, a temporary loss of consciousness (a faint) caused by lack of cerebral blood flow

Vertigo

rotational spinning caused by neurologic disease in the vestibular apparatus in the ear or the vestibular nuclei in the brain stem

objective Vertigo

feeling of the room spinning

subjective Vertigo

the feeling of the person spinning

seizures

characterized by altered or loss of consciousness, involuntary muscle movements, and sensory disturbances

Aura

a subjective sensation that precedes A seizure, it could be auditory, visual, or motor

Tremor

involuntary shaking, vibrating, or trembling

Tic

Involuntary, compulsive twitching of a muscle (Ex: wink, grimace, head movement)

Fasciculation

Rapid, continuous twitching of a resting muscle without movement of the limb

Paresis

partial or incomplete paralysis

Paralysis

a total loss of motor function caused by a lesion in the neurologic or muscular system or loss of sensory innervation

Paresthesia

abnormal sensation (burning, tingling)

Dysarthria

difficulty speaking or forming words

Hypoalgesia

decreased pain sensation

Analgesia

absent pain sensation

Hyperalgesia

increased pain sensation

Hypoesthesia

decrease touch sensation

Anesthesia

absent touch sensation

Hyperesthesia

increased touch sensation

Clonus

a set of rapid, rhythmic contractions of the same muscle

Hyperreflexia

exaggerated reflex

hyporeflexia

absence of a reflex

infantile automatisms

reflexes that have a predictable timetable of appearance and departure in infants

nuchal rigidity

an extreme resistance to any direction of head movement and occurs with inflammation of the meninges due to meningitis, bleeding, or tumor

F.A.S.T.

signs of a stroke

F =

face drooping

A =

arm weakness

S =

speech difficulty

T =

time to call 911

Ataxia

uncoordinated or unsteady gait

Lordosis

exaggerated inward curve of the lower back (swayback)

Kyphosis

exaggerated outward curve of the thoracic spine (humpback)

Osteoporosis

disease involving the loss of mineralized bone mass leading to porous bone in risk of fractures

Myalgia

pain, cramping, or aching of muscles

active range of motion (AROM)

range of motion performed independently

passive range of motion (PROM)

range of motion performed dependently

crepitation

audible and palpable crunching or grating that accompanies movement

subluxation

partial dislocation

ortolani maneuver

maneuver to check for hip dysplasia

atrophy

loss of muscle mass

hallux valgus

a common deformity from rheumatoid arthritis that is a lateral or outward deviation of the great toe with medial prominence of the head of the first metatarsal. The bunion is the inflamed Bursa that forms at the pressure point

hammer toe

deformities in the 2nd 3rd 4th and 5th toes that include hyperextension of the metatarsophalangeal joint and flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joint

corns

thickening of soft tissue over the Bony prominence on the bottom of the foot

scoliosis

lateral curvature of thoracic and lumbar segments of the spine, usually with some rotation of involved vertebral bodies

strain

injury to a muscle or tendon as a result of overuse or excessive stress

sprain

injury to ligaments or tendons supporting a joint; from a twisting motion or hyperextension

fracture

break or disruption of integrity of bone; may be complete or incomplete

Flaccidity (hypertonia)

decreased muscle tone, feels limp, soft; muscle is weak and easily fatigued

Spasticity (hypertonia)

Increased muscle tone; resistance to passive movement

Rigidity

Constant state of resistance to muscle movement

Frequency

voiding more than the average of 5 to 6 times a day

Urgency

the feeling of being unable to wait to urinate

Nocturia

awakening during the night because of the need to urinate

Dysuria

pain or burning during urination

Hematuria

blood in the urine

Hesitancy

straining or having trouble to start the urine stream

nocturnal enuresis

involuntary urinating at night after age 5 to 6 years

phimosis

narrowed opening of prepuce so cannot retract the foreskin

paraphimosis

painful constriction of glans of penis by retracted foreskin

hypospadias

ventral location of urethral meatus (under)

epispadias

dorsal location of urethral meatus (on top)

cryptorchidism

undescended testes

hydrocele

fluid in the scrotum

renal calculi

kidney stones

reducible hernia

contents will return to abdominal cavity by lying down or gentle pressure

incarcerated hernia

herniated bowel cannot be returned to abdominal cavity

strangulated hernia

blood supply to hernia is shut off accompanied by nausea vomiting and tenderness