Laboratory section (General diagnosis)

What does an increase in acid phosphatase (PAP) indicate?

Prostatic carcinoma

What does a reverse in albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio indicate?

Multiple myeloma

What does an increase in alkaline phosphatase indicate?

Osteoblastic lesions, heaptic disease, HPT

What does an increase in amylase indicate?

Acute pancreatitis

What does presence of ANA (FANA) indicate?

Collagen disease (SLE, scleroderma)

What does an increase in antistreptolysin (ASO titre) indicate?

Rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis

What does an increase in direct bilirubin indicate?

Hepatitis, duct obstruction

What does an increase in indirect bilirubin indicate?

Hemolytic disease

What does an increase in BUN (blood urea nitrogen) indicate?

Renal disease, dehydration, hypotension, urinary tract obstruction

What does a decrease in BUN (blood urea nitrogen) indicate?

Hepatic disease, pregnancy

What does an increase in calcium (Ca) indicate?

Muscle weakness, hyperparathyroidism, hypervitaminosis D, metastatic disease

What does a decrease in calcium (Ca) indicate?

Muscle tetany; Chvostck’s sign, renal failure, malnutrition

What does presence of creatine phosphokinase (CK BB) indicate?

Brain tissue

What does presence of creatine phosphokinase (CK MB) indicate?

Myocardial tissue

What does presence of creatine phosphokinase (CK MM) indicate?

Skeletal muscle

What does an increase of creatine phosphokinase indicate?

Muscle necrosis

What does an increase of creatinine indicate?

Kidney disease, hypovolemic shock

What does a decrease of creatinine indicate?

Muscular dystrophies

What does an increase of C-reactive protein (CRP) indicate?

Tissue necrosis, infections, RA

What is the ELISA test?

Test for AIDS

What does an increase of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) indicate?

Infection, RA, TB, temporal arteritis, MM

What does a decrease of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) indicate?

Sickle cell anemia, polycythemia

What does the presence of fluorescent treponema antibody indicate?

Present with syphilis

What does an increase of glucose (blood) indicate?

DM, Cushing’s, renal/liver disease

What does a decrease of glucose (blood) indicate?

Insulin overdose, Addison’s, starvation

What does a decrease of glucose (CSF) indicate?

Meningitis, acute pyogenic infections

What does presence of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) indicate?

Liver cell dysfunction and alcohol induced liver disease

What is a glucose-tolerance test?

Used for diabetes testing

What is a glycosylated hemoglobin test?

Test ability to utilize glucose over 2-3 month period (monitor)

What does an increase of heterophile (Paul Bunnel) indicate?

Mono, viral meningitis

What does an increase of HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) indicate?

Hydatidiform mole, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, multiple pregnancies, testicular teratoma

What does a decrease of HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) indicate?

Ectopic pregnancy, threatened abortion

What is human leukocyte antigen locus (HLA) B27?

Marker on the 6th chromosome from birth; ankylosing spondylitis, reiter’s, PA, enteropathic arthritis

What does an increase of HDL cholesterol indicate?

Low risk of coronary heart disease

What does a decrease of HDL cholesterol indicate?

High risk of coronary heart disease

What does an increase of I-131 uptake indicate?

Hyperthyroidism, endemic goiter

What does a decrease of I-131 uptake indicate?

Hypothyroidism, thyroid cancer

What can you find on an immunoelectrophroesis?

M-spike indicates multiple myeloma

What does presence of ketones indicate?

Diabetic acidosis, starvation

What does an increase of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) indicate?

Myocardial infarction, CHF, muscular dystrophy

What does a decrease of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) indicate?

Cancer therapy

What does an increase of lipase indicate?

Acute pancreatitis

What does an increase of lipids (cholesterol) indicate?

Early starvation, diabetes mellitus

What does a decrease of lipids (cholesterol) indicate?

Late starvation, liver disease

What does an increase of lipids (triglycerides) indicate?

Hyperlipidemia, DM, atherosclerosis

What does a decrease of lipids (triglycerides) indicate?

Cirrhosis, malabsorption

What does LE cell indicate?

Active system lupus erythematosus

What does an increase of phosphorus indicate?

Acromegaly, kidney disease, hypervitaminosis D

What does a decrease of phosphorus indicate?

Rickets, hypovitaminosis D, hyperparathyroidism

What does an increase of protein indicate?

MM, diabetic acidosis

What does a decrease of protein indicate?

Liver disease, kidney syndromes

What does an increase of protein (CSF) indicate?

Viral meningitis

What does an increase of prothrombin time indicate?

Vitamin K deficiency, hepatocellular disease

What does a positive RA latex mean?

RA, SLE, TB, cancer, sjogren’s, still’s disease

What does an increase in serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT/AST) indicate?

Myocardial infarction, liver conditions, muscular dystrophy

What does an increase in serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT/ALT) indicate?

Hepatitis, myocardial infarction

What does an increase of triiodothyronine (T3)/ thyroxin (T4) indicate?

Hyperthyroidism, pregnancy

What does a decrease of triiodothyronine (T3)/ thyroxin (T4) indicate?

Cirrhosis, hypothyroid

What does presence of treponema pallidum immobilizing agent (TRI) indicate?

Syphilis

What does an increase of uric acid indicate?

Gout, renal failure

What is venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) for?

Serological screening for syphilis

What is western blot test?

Specific test for AIDS