(6) CCMA Anatomic Descriptors and Fundamental Body Structure

purpose of body systems

groups of organs working together to perform specific functions

integumentary system function

protects the body and regulates temperature

muscular system function

allows movement and produces heat

nervous system function

controls and coordinates body activities

endocrine system function

regulates body processes using hormones

circulatory system function

transports blood, oxygen, and nutrients

respiratory system function

exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide

digestive system function

breaks down food and absorbs nutrients

urinary system function

removes waste and balances fluids

reproductive system function

enables reproduction

levels of body organization

chemical → cellular → tissue → organ → system → organism

organ definition

structure made of tissues working together

system definition

group of organs performing a function

anterior

front of the body

posterior

back of the body

medial

toward the midline

lateral

away from the midline

proximal

closer to the point of attachment

distal

farther from the point of attachment

superior

above

inferior

below

dorsal

back side

ventral

front side

midsagittal plane

divides body into equal left and right halves

coronal plane

divides body into front and back halves

transverse plane

divides body into upper and lower halves

abdominal quadrants

four sections used to locate organs

right upper quadrant purpose

contains liver and gallbladder

left upper quadrant purpose

contains stomach and spleen

right lower quadrant purpose

contains appendix

left lower quadrant purpose

contains parts of intestine

cranial cavity

contains brain

thoracic cavity

contains heart and lungs

abdominal cavity

contains digestive organs

pelvic cavity

contains bladder and reproductive organs

diaphragm function

separates thoracic and abdominal cavities

cell basic function

smallest unit that carries out life processes

organelles

structures inside cells that perform specific functions

membrane

controls what enters and leaves the cell

gene

unit of heredity that determines traits

dominant gene

expressed when present

recessive gene

expressed only if two copies are present

mutation

change in genetic material

chromosomes

structures that carry genetic information

trait

inherited characteristic

carriers

individuals who carry a gene without showing it

X-linked inheritance

trait carried on the X chromosome

diffusion

movement from high to low concentration

osmosis

movement of water across a membrane

filtration

movement through a membrane due to pressure

endocytosis

cell takes substances in

exocytosis

cell releases substances

phagocytosis

cell engulfs large particles

pinocytosis

cell takes in fluids

epithelial tissue

covers surfaces and lines organs

connective tissue

supports and binds structures

muscle tissue

allows movement

nervous tissue

transmits signals

congenital disorder

condition present at birth

syndrome

group of symptoms occurring together

etiology

cause of a disease

pathophysiology

how disease affects body function

difference between congenital and genetic

congenital is present at birth, genetic is inherited

abdominal

relating to the abdomen

abdominopelvic

abdomen and pelvis region

lumbar

lower back region

umbilical

navel area

epigastric

upper central abdomen

hypogastric

lower central abdomen

iliac

lower side abdomen

inguinal

groin area

buccal

cheek area

orbital

eye socket

nasal

nose area

cephalic

head region

caudal

toward the tail or lower body

anatomy

study of body structure

physiology

study of body function

biochemistry

study of chemical processes in the body

cytology

study of cells

histology

study of tissues

isotonic

equal concentration

hypotonic

lower concentration

hypertonic

higher concentration

dehydration

lack of sufficient fluid

edema

swelling from fluid buildup

normal saline

solution with equal salt concentration as blood

neuron

nerve cell

myelin

protective covering of nerves

voluntary

under conscious control

involuntary

not under conscious control

smooth muscle

involuntary muscle in organs

cardiac muscle

heart muscle

striated muscle

skeletal muscle with stripes

homeostasis

maintaining internal balance

extremities

arms and legs

cavities

spaces in the body

peritoneum

membrane lining the abdomen

keloid

raised scar

stem cells

cells that can become other types