Animal Terms

simple squamous epithelium

tissue where cells are flat and arranged in a single layer allowing rapid diffusion of materials

stratified squamous epithelium

tissue named for the topmost layer of cube shaped cells that is protective with reproducing cells at the bottom of the layer

osteocytes

trapped in place osteoblasts arranged in concentric layers around the central canal that also project cytoplasmic arms through canaliculi to improve nutrient and waste exchange

central canal

central part of bone contained blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

erythrocytes

also known as red blood cells that carry oxygen and co2

leukocytes

blood cells that provide defense against injury or invasion

platelets

blood cells responsible for intiating blood clotting

muscle fibers

cells of skeletal muscle that are long, cylindrical, and multinucleated due to the fusion of several mesoderm cells

sacromeres

repeating units of contraction in muscle consisting of actin and myosin filaments

acoelomate

phyla that entirely lack a coelomic cavity, fulled filled with mesoderm and a gastrovascular cavity

pseudocoelomate

phyla that possess a fluid filled cavity that lies between the mesoderm and endoderm

coelomate

phyla that possess a coelom that forms within the mesoderm and is lined with mesoderm (fully surrounded)

typhlosole

structure in earth worm intestines that increase intestinal surface area

nephridia

structure in earth worm that excretes waste

sacromere

muscle structure consisting of repeating arragnemtns of thin and thick protein myofilaments that functions as a unit of contraction

hydrostatic skeleton

skeleton where fluid held within internal compartments act as hydraulic fluid to transfer force between opposing muscle sets

poikilotherm

an animal whose body temperature approximates ambient temperature and is incapable of controlled body temperature as ambient changes

homeotherm

an animal that controls its body temperature, keeping it relatively constant as ambient temperature changes

heterotherm

an animal that at times behaves as a homeotherm and at times a poikilotherm that will regulate its body when active but will allow body temperature to fluculate with the eneivornment when inactive to save energy

ectotherm

an animal that derives its body temperature from an external heat source

endotherm

an animal that derives its body temperature from internal heat production

compensation chamber

part of scholander respirometer used as a control for the difference in pressure between the two chambers

gastrovascular cavity

digestive systems with one opening an organism both ingests and egests through

complete digestive system

a digestive system with a mouth to ingest and an anus to excrete

basal disc

end of hydra that allows it to anchor to surfaces

clitellum

band of smoother tissue in earth worm that secretes mucus during copulation and the cocoons in which eggs are deposited

prostomium

projection out of mouth of earth worm that brings substrate into the mouth

crop

thin walled organ that holds food before it is digested

gizzard

muscular organ that mechanically digests food in earthworms and other organisms

septa

segementation parts of earthworm

labial palps

part of clam that sort particles taken in by gills to be taken in by the mouth

visceral mass

part of clam that contains many digestive functions

incurrent siphon

part of clam that water is taken in by

foot

part of clam that allows it to dig down into sand

gastric mill

part of crawfish that breaks up food into smaller particles via mechanical digestion

digestive glands

part of crawfish that produce enzymes for digestion for the stomach

cecum

blind pouch where small intestine joins the large intestine and houses bacteria to help digest plant materials such as a cellulose

pancreas

organ that is dorsal and posterior ot the stomach that secretes digestive enzymes that aid in absorption of nutrients and digestion and produces hormones as well

carapace

the exoskeleton covering the dorsal side of the cephalothorax in crawfish

pericardial sinus

chamber that the heart lies in crawfish

ostia

valved slits in the heart that hemolymph returns to

closed circulatory system

circulatory system where circulating fluid is confined within blood vessels and one or more hearts and interstitial fluid directly bathes cells of tissues

dorsal blood vessel

structure that serves as the main heart of the eartworm pumping blood forward in waves of peristalsis and runs along the surface of the intestine

branchial hearts

hearts in squid at the base of the gills that pump deoxygenated blood to the gills

systemic heart

heart in squid that pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body

mantle arteries

tubes in squid that carry oxygenated blood from the systemic heart

trachea

tube that moves air from the lungs and mouth that is lined with cartilaginous rings

bronchi

two tubes branched from the trachea to the lungs

alveoli

grape like cluster of air sacks where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with blood in pulmonary capillaries

larynx

structure at the end of trachea that contains vocal cords for protection of the airway and sound

atria

regions of the heart the recieve blood from veins

ventricles

regions of the heart that pump blood out of the heart through arteries

coronary blood vessels

blood vessels that cover the heart and nourish heart tissue

vena cava

large veins that enters the right atrium and brings blood from the body

pulmonary artery

artery that leaves the right ventricle that carries blood to the lungs

pulmonary veins

veins that enter the left atrium and carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

aorta

large artery that transports blood from the left ventricle

asexual reproduction

reproduction from one parent without the fusion of gametes leading to identical offspring

sexual reproduction

reproduction where offspring is produced from the fusion of haploid gametes via fertilization

budding

asexual process where new individuals rise from outgrowths of existing ones

fission

asexual process where a parent separtes into two or more individuals of about equal size

fragementation

asexual process where the body breaks into several pieces where some or all of it develope into complete adults that regrow body parts

spicules

two small spiny projections on the ventral surface near the anus used during copulation in male nematodes

ductus deferens

structure in males that stores mature sperm and transports them to the seminal vesicle

seminal vesicle

enlarged tube in males that transports mature sperm out of the nematode

oviduct

site in females where developing eggs mature before being released

ovary

site in females that produces eggs

nidamental glands

structure that secrete coatings for egg sacs in squid

oviductal gland

stucture that secretes a protective membrane around fertilized eggs in squid

spermatophoric gland

structure that secrete spermatophores in squid