Feeds Exam 3

What are some by-products of wet milling? (3)

Corn gluten feed, corn gluten meal, steep water

Starch, sugar, syrup, and corn oil are all examples of products of _________

Wet milling

Residual nutrients after extraction of starch and oil from grain that provide energy, fiber, and protein to rations.

Grain by-products

_______ is a by-product of wet milling that is considered a protein source because it contains more ______

Corn gluten meal, gluten

Beef and dairy cattle can generally have about __% of CGF in the diet, however beef cattle can have up to _% if paired with a low-forage diet

30, 90

Why can gestating sows have up to 90% CGF but only 20% in grow-finish?

CGF is high in fiber which gestating sows can use to maintain body weight, grow-finish sows however need to grow fast, but they can’t if they have too much fiber in their diets.

What are some concerns with CGF? (3)

High in fiber, high sulfur, and easy to spoil

Corn gluten meal is considered a _______ for cattle, meaning the microbes cannot use it for energy and is used at around ___% of cattle diets

By-pass protein (RUP), 50

Why can’t swine include more that 15% of CGM?

It is limited in lysine

Why can poultry and companion animals use CGM?

It contains xanthophyll which impact color of feed and egg yolk

Steep water is not used in high concentrations except in ____ diets because of high ____

Fish, TDN

What is typically the limiting amino acid for swine?

Lysine

DDGS are high in _____ which is why they can supplement up to 100% of the diet for cattle

fiber

DDGS are high in ____, ____, and ____.

Fiber, fat, sulfer

High ______ in DDGs can cause rumen microbes to produce thiaminase and cause a thiamin deficiency

sulfur

Why is high sulfur in diets bad?

It gets reduced to hydrogen sulfide which is very toxic

Why is the fat in DDGs a concern?

Contains high UNSATURATED fatty acids which can cause soft pork fat

DDGs are also high in _______ which can cause urinary calculi

phosphorus

DDGS have 3x the level of _____ when compared to corn

Mycotoxins

Wheat bran is generally used as a _____ source

fiber

Wheat germ has high ______ compared to other wheat milling by products

protein

By-products of _______ are used as a protein source

beer brewing

Initial substrate of beer brewing is…

Barely

By-product of beer brewing are mostly used in _______ and ______ diets

dairy, horse

Why are by-product of beer brewing not used in swine or poultry?

High fiber

(T or F) Brewers rice is not from beer brewing, but from rice processing

True

Why are by-products of oat processing not generally used in livestock but are used in companion animal diets?

Too expensive

Wet milling produces ____, dry milling produces ____

Corn Gluten Meal (CGM, Dried Distillers Grains (DDGs)

Forages have limited use for poultry, swine, and companion animals. Why?

Too much fiber

What are some factors that determine forage quality? (5)

Species, maturity, processing, soil, harvest method and storage

As a forage matures, NDF _______, ADF and lignin ______, and CP and soluble carbohydrates _____.

increases, increase, decrease

Grasses are _______, meaning when they sprout they only have one leaf

Monocots

Legumes are ______, meaning when they sprout they have 2 leaves

dicots

______ have the highest CP of all forages, 2x the amount of calcium, and much lower NDF and ADF

Legumes

Maturity ______ the fiber content of forages

increases

Calcium content is greatest in which of the following?

• cool season grasses

• warm season grasses

• legumes

• all of them have the same

legumes

(T or F) Warm season grasses have more protein than legumes

False

_________ have 66% of their growth before June. They are most productive during Spring to early summer and again in the fall.

Cool season Grasses

Cool season grasses are generally good uses of pasture and hay, except for _______ which is a poor source of hay.

Kentucky bluegrass

_________ is an anti-quality factor of cool season grasses that produces toxic alkaloids in the seed which can then be transfered to pasture.

Endophyte fungus

_______ is an anti-quality factor of cool season grasses which is very important. It is an inflammatory response that causes vasoconstriction, high body temp, low hear rate, suppresses the immune system, and mimic dopamine and reduces prolactin.

Fescue toxicosis

What are some consequences fescue toxicosis can have on the animal?

Decrease intake and weight gain, retention of winter coat, low milk production, hoof loss, and reproductive problems

How do you prevent fescue toxicosis?

Don’t allow the plant to mature for too long so that seeds don’t grow.

_________ are found in reed canary grass, a cool season grass, which reduce feed intake and growth and cause neurological issues

Tryptamine alkaloids

Most of warm seasons production occurs in ____ and ____

June, July

Warm season grasses are generally good for ______ but poor for _____. Except for whole plant corn and corn stalks which are good for ______.

grazing, harvest, harvest

__________ have one of the lowest CP for feedstuffs and are higher in fiber. This allows them to survive better in the heat,

Warm season grasses

Drought stricken forages may have _____ which inhibit oxygen transport by hemoglobin

Nitrates

_________ are present in new growth of sorghum x sudangrass and sudangrass forages. It is converted to hydrocyanic acid and inhibits oxygen uptake by hemoglobin.

Cyanogenic glycosides

Why do you want to feed sudangrass when its more mature?

To avoid cyanogenic glycosides

______ are very susceptible to cyanogenic glycosides

Horses

Which has more uniform growth, grasses or legumes?

Legumes

Legumes generally have ______ digestibility than grasses and _____ Ca

Higher, higher

Legumes have the most growth in the _____

spring

What causes Slobbering horses and can cause dehydration due to saliva production?

Fungus (Slafractonia leguminicola)

Legumes can cause _____ which is the inability to release fermentation gases. Occurs in fresh, immature legumes. Caused by high concentration of soluble ______. Can result in death.

Bloat, protein

______ are present in alfalfa and clover and can affect reproduction and mammary development

Phytoestrogens

_____ is present in sweet clover and is converted to dicoumarol which results in hemorrhaging.

Coumarin

______ are found in birdsfoot trefoil and reduce protein degradation in the rumen

Tannins

What is the optimal moisture content for hay to prevent spoilage?

18-22%

Which stage of plant maturity is typically ideal for harvesting hay?

Early bloom

(T or F) Forages will have more sugar and less protein in the early morning

True

What are the major uses of feed additives? (3)

Growth promotion, feed efficiency, medicinal, other

(T or F) Use of feed additives are not very regulated

False, they are strictly regulated

Animal products must comply with the laws of the countries in which they are (produced or sold)

Sold

The ______ has the main legal authority over feed additives

FFDCA

_____ is a voluntary group that works with feed additives and is not governmental

AAFCO

The _____ approves safe feed additives

FDA

The process of ______ dehydrates green forage to a moisture content of <15%

Haymaking

What are the four steps of haymaking?

Harvest, curing, raking, storage

If you harvest in the early AM there will be ____ sugar and ___ protein

less, more

Typically, ______ (early/late) bloom stage of maturity is ideal for harvesting

early

What are the two ways to facilitate drying?

Conditioning and chemicals

Crimpers crush plant stems between rollers to facilitate the drying process

Conditioning

Chemical conditioners are only effective on ______

Legumes

Chemical conditioners reduce drying time by ____

½ day

______ bales need to be covered when stored but _____ bales shed water and can be left outside

Square, round

Compared to stems, leaves have ___ protein, sugars, carotenoids and minerals and ____ NDF and ADF

more, less

Leaf loss can be increased by…

Raking at higher DM, baling with round instead of square, rain

Heat damage occurs when hay is stored at moisture ____. Why?

>18%. Stimulates growth of bacteria and mold which generate heat when they metabolize sugar and starch

What causes bleaching? What does it result in?

Causes by sunlight, results in color loss and loss of beta-carotene and vitamin A activity

Loss of soluble nutrients in rainfall or snow melt. Greater form leguems than grasses.

Leaching

(T or F)During the process of haymaking, there is a substantial loss of nutrients.

T

What are hay preservatives for?

Allow storage of hay at a higher moisture content (25-30%) and inhibits microbial activity

Storage of a forage or grain crop at a relatively high moisture content and aerobic conditions that allow for fermentation. Preserved by lactic acid as long as not exposed to oxygen.

Ensiling

What are the goals of ensiling?

Decrease pH to <4 and increase lactic acid concentration

What are the 5 phases of ensiling?

Aerobic, heterofermentative, homofermentative, storage, feedout

During this phase of ensiling the silage is exposed to oxygen

Feedout phase

During this phase of ensiling it is important to ensure the silage is not exposed to oxygen or bacteria and mold will grow

Storage phase

This phase of ensiling is less than 2 weeks, lactic acid bacteria ferment sugars to lactic acid. Since lactic acid increases, pH decreases to 3.8-4.2

Homofermenetative phase

During this phase of ensiling, bacteria ferment sugars to acetic acid, lactic acid, and CO2, takes less than 1 week, pH decreases to 5.0

During this phase of ensiling, temperature increase to 80-100 F, and plant respiration continues, Takes less than 24 hours.

Aerobic phase

Improper storage of ensiling can lead to the growth of _____, a bacteria that causes abortions

Listeria

What are the three storage types for ensiling?

Tower, bunker or trench, silo bags

What is a pro and con of tower storage for ensiling

Easy to pack but expensive

What is a pro and con of bunker storage for ensiling

Difficult to pack and requires cover but less expensive

What is a pro and con of silo bag storage for ensiling

Easy to pack but can get punctures or tears

What is the proper moisture for baleage?

45-55%

Which equipment is cheaper, baleage or ensiling?

Baelage

What is the proper moisture for haylage?

60-70%