(B2) Common Infectious Disorders of the Alimentary Tract of Ruminants

Caseous lymphadenitis is caused by the bacterium — — (Caseous Lymphadenitis)

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis.

The organism may survive for long periods in (3ish) (Caseous Lymphadenitis)

dark areas such as soil and manure.

The infection usually spreads through (Caseous Lymphadenitis)

breaks in skin

clinical signs (6) (Caseous Lymphadenitis)

1. Swelling of superficial lymph nodes

2. In sheep, these abscesses form layers and have the appearance of an onion;

3. in goats, the abscess material is thick and creamy

4. If abscesses form in the viscera

5. chronic weight loss may occur

6. Overall signs of poor production

how to diagnose (Caseous Lymphadenitis)

Serological testing and culture of the organism from the necrotic, abscessed area

how to treat (2) (Caseous Lymphadenitis)

1. isolate

2. When the abscess is open, it should be drained and flushed with either iodine or chlorhexidine solution

what causes it (Johne’s Disease)

Mycobacterium avium ss. Paratuberculosis (MAP)

Pathogenesis (Johne’s Disease)

1. Quite hardy in the environment

2. Oral/fecal route

3. Colostrum

4. Vertical transmission possible

what is johne’s disease related to (Johne’s Disease)

tuberculosis

what is the incubation period (range) (Johne’s Disease)

2 - 6 yrs

define Vertical transmission (Johne’s Disease)

the passing of an infectious disease or pathogen directly from a parent to their offspring

clinical signs (7) (Johne’s Disease)

1. diarrhea

2. weight loss

3. chronic wasting signs

4. weak

5. depressed

6. lethargic

7. submandibular edema

what clinical sign is typically not seen in sheep or goats (Johne’s Disease)

diarreah

What are the advanced clinical signs (4) (Johne’s Disease)

1. Severe emaciation

2. diarrhea

3. bottle jaw

4. wasting.

What are the clinical signs (third level) (4) (Johne’s Disease)

1. Weight loss

2. diarrhea

3. less milk production

4. good appetite.

What characterizes subclinical-infected animals (3) (Johne’s Disease)

1. Infected animals have MAP in their bodies

2. show no evidence of disease

3. They shed bacteria and contaminate the farm.

Define silent infected animals (2) (Johne’s Disease)

no evidence of disease and do not shed bacteria.

how to diagnose (6) (Johne’s Disease)

1. AGID

2. ELISA

3. Fecal culture

4. fecal smear

5. PCR

6. necropsy

what does AGID stand for (Johne’s Disease)

Agar Gel Immunodiffusion

how to treat (Johne’s Disease)

none

how to prevent (3ish) (Johne’s Disease)

1. Clean ground at calving time, reduce manure build-up

2. Test and cull

3. Isolate any new animals before adding to herd or flock

what causes it (BVD)

Caused by an RNA virus, which mutates easily, making successful vaccine production an ongoing challenge

what does RNA stand for (BVD)

Ribonucleic Acid

what do virsuses use RNA for (2) (BVD)

store the viruses genetic info, and the host copy and pastes it

pahtogensis (7) (BVD)

1. manure

2. nasal secretions

3. oral secretions

4. semen

5. uterine discharge

6. aborted fetuses

7. during pregnancy to fetus

clinical signs of Reproductive Disease (3) (BVD)

1. abortion

2. fetal mummification

3. congenital defects

clinical signs (3) (BVD)

1. Reproductive Disease

2. Hemorrhagic Disease (thrombocytopenia)

3. Immunosuppressive Effects

how to diagnose (4) (BVD)

1. physical exam

2. clinical signs

3. virus isolation

4. ear notch PCR testing

how to treat (BVD)

fluids

how to prevent (3ish) (BVD)

1. Test and remove PI cattle.

2. Vaccinate

3. Biosecurity

what dies BVD stand for (BVD)

bovine viral diarrhea

Enteritis-Causing Diarrhea is aka

scours

what pathogens can cause scours (9) (scours)

1. E. coli

2. Rota

3. Corona Viruses

4. Clostridium perfringens Type B

5. Clostridium perfringens Type C

6. Salmonella spp. 

7. Campylobacter spp.

8. Pseudomonas

9. Proteus

is E.coli zoonotic (scours)

no

E.coli is almost exclusively found in young calves/lambs less than — days old (scours)

5 days old

is rota virus zoonotic (scours)

no

is corona virus zoonotic (scours)

no

what are two common viruses that destroy the lining cells of the small and large intestine (scours)

Rota and Corona Viruses

Rota or Corona Viruses are aka (scours)

malabsorption diarrhea

when do Rota or Corona Viruses typically cause problems (age range) (scours)

1 - 4 weeks old

is Clostridium perfringens Type B zoonotic (scours)

yes

is Clostridium perfringens Type C zoonotic (scours)

yes

what does Clostridium perfringens Type B and C do (scours)

produces a potent toxin in the small and large intestine that can cause bleeding and ulcers

what age does Clostridium perfringens Type B and C typically effect (scours)

less than 10 days old

clinical signs of Clostridium perfringens Type B and C (3) (scours)

1. belly pain

2. bloody diarrhea

3. rapid death

is Salmonella spp. zoonotic (scours)

yes

is Campylobacter spp. zoonotic (scours)

yes

are Pseudomonas and/or Proteus zoonotic (scours)

yes

when is Pseudomonas and/or Proteus typically seen (scours)

after prolonged antibiotic usage

clinical signs (8) (scours)

1. Profuse watery diarrhea

2. Lethargic

3. Weight loss

4. Dehydrated

5. delayed skin tent

6. sunken eyes

7. dry gums

8. cool extremities

5-6% Dehydration (3) (scours)

1. Diarrhea

2. no clinical signs

3. strong suckling reflex

6-8% Dehydration (5) (scours)

1. Mild depression

2. skin tenting 2-6 seconds

3. calf still suckling

4. sunken eyes

5. weak

8-10% Dehydration (5) (scours)

1. Calf depressed

2. laying down

3. eyes very sunken

4. dry gums

5. skin tenting >6 seconds

10-14% Dehydration (4) (scours)

1. Calf will not stand

2. cool extremities

3. skin won’t flatten when tented

4. comatose

Over 14% Dehydration (scours)

Death

MM (Mucous Membranes) are (2) (scours)

Pale and tacky/dry

HR (Heart Rate) is (scours)

Increased (stress)

RR (Respiratory Rate) is (2) (scours)

Same or slight increase

Temp (Temperature) is (scours)

greater or lower than 37

crt is (scours)

greater than 4 secs

define acidosis (scours)

is a life-threatening pH imbalance

how to diagnose (4) (scours)

1. fecal analysis

2. Fecal culture to Pathology lab 

3. rising titre test

4. post mortem histology

how to make a fixed sample (scours)

add 10% formalyde

what is being tested for in rising titre test (2) (scours)

1. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

2. paired serum samples

how to treat (scours)

1. hydration

2. electrolytes

3. energy

4. treat acidosis

5. Antibacterial therapy

6. Treatment of intestinal damage

7. Anti-inflammatories

8. Heat lamp / warmth

9. plasma

how to prevent (5) (scours)

1. Adequate amounts and quality of colostrum early after birth

2. Clean, dry birthing areas

3. Vaccinate pregnant dams with vaccines for scour pathogen

4. Proper disinfection of stuff and environment

5. stress free calving

RVT roles (8) (scours)

1. history

2. restrain/handling

3. vitals/physical exam

4. IV cathetar

5. administer medication

6. hospitilization / isolatation

7. discharge

8. vaccine education

define abomasal bloat (Abomasal Bloat)

Over consumption of milk replacer may lead to the proliferation of certain bacteria (e.g. Sarcina spp.) that produce harmful amounts of gas in the abomasum

clinical signs (2) (Abomasal Bloat)

1. Very rapidly the abdomen can swell up and the lamb shows severe pain

2. Depression and death may follow quickly

how to diagnose (Abomasal Bloat)

1. Physical exam and clinical signs

2. History

how to treat (Abomasal Bloat)

you can’t

how to prevent (Abomasal Bloat)

let milk replacer cool down after making

Necrobacillosis is aka (2)

1. Necrotic stomatitis

2. Calf Diphtheria

what bacteria causes Calf Diphtheria (Calf Diphtheria)

Fusobacterium necrophorum

clinical signs of Necrobacillosis (anywhere in oral cavity) Necrotic Stomatitis (tongue) (9) (Calf Diphtheria)

1. increased temperature

2. depression

3. anorexia

4. foul breath

5. salivation

6. feed hanging from mouth

7. ulcers on the cheek mucosa or tongue

8. ulcers filled with necrotic debris

9. bone deformities

clinical signs of diphtheria (8) (Calf Diphtheria)

1. moist, painful cough with acute onset

2. severe inspiratory dyspnea with loud raspy noise

3. may have open-mouthed breathing with head and neck extended

4. salivation

5. frothing

6. difficulty swallowing

7. high fever

8. depression

how to diagnose (3) (Calf Diphtheria)

1. Physical exam

2. Clinical signs

3. Culture

how to treat (2) (Calf Diphtheria)

1. Antibiotics

2. Anti-inflammatories

how to prevent (2) (Calf Diphtheria)

1. Proper hygiene of feeding equipment

2. Avoid rough feed

common name for Actinobacillosis (Actinobacillosis)

wooden tongue

where is Actinobacillus lignieresii bacteria found (Actinobacillosis)

GIT

clinical signs (6ish) (Actinobacillosis)

1. Acute onset

2. Salivation / drooling

3. Tongue is hard, painful, and swollen

4. Nodules and ulcers are present on the tongue or may be inside the cheeks

5. decrease in eating

6. decrease in drinking

how to diagnose (3) (Actinobacillosis)

1. Physical exam

2. clinical signs

3. Culture

how to treat (Actinobacillosis)

1. Sodium iodide IV

2. antibiotics

how to prevent (Actinobacillosis)

avoid coarse feed

is there a vaccine (Actinobacillosis)

no