Unit 5: Mental and Physical Health

Positive Psychology

study of human strengths and well being

emphasis on pos emotions ,character strengths, constructive, experiences

foster optimal functioning ,happiness

Resilience

Ability to adopt and bounce back from adversity or stressful situations,demonstrating mental and emotional strength

Positive Subjective Experiences

personal internal and subjective feelings of happiness,joy,gratification,fulfillment and flow.

Gratitude

recognizing pos aspects of life and kindness of others

can be spontaneous or intentional

help inc subj well being

signature strengths / virtues

• six core vals

• promote personal develop, resilience and ethical behavior

• guide toward action that align w/ core vals to enhance social- well being

widsom

acquiring and using knowledge

creativity,learning, curiosity, judgement

Courage

accomplish goals in face of opposition

honesty ,bravery, perseverance

Humanity

tending and befriending others

kindness, social intelligence, love

justice

civic strengths that underline, healthy community life

fairness, teamwork, leadership

Temperance

protection against excess (moderate)

humility,prudence,forgiveness,self-regulation

Transcendence

build connections to the broader universe (create meaning)

appreciation of beauty, hope, gratitude, spirituality

Post-traumatic growth

findign new meaning, personal strength and appreciation for life following adversity.

Dsyfunction

• prevent normal routines

distress

• level

• manifest in extremes (emotions)

deviation from norms

• behavior

• differs from norms, extreme

cultural/societal norms

• nature of disorder may not be seen as valid

stigma

• limits job opportunities/poor asumptions

• experience social exclusion

racism

• misdiagnosis in minority group

• no diagnosis

sexism

• misinterpretation of symptoms based on gender stereotypes

ageism

serious conditions dismissed as normal aging

under treatment

discrimination

• prejudice, cause shame ,avoid seeking help

culture-bound disorder

psychological/behavioral specific to a culture/ ethnic group, influence by beliefs

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)

Widely used sys for classifying psychological disorders

International classification of mental disorders (ICD)

classify and code medical conditions including psychological disorders,standardized

Eclectic

integrating therapeutic strategies and techniques based on what will be most beneficial for the client

Behavioral

• Behaviors learned through conditioning

• Classical condition-> creating associations between a neural stimulus and naturally occurring stimulus (neutral)

• Operant→ Rewards and punishments

• Does not focus on internal mental state

• Behavioral therapy, learning led to prob and can fix it

Psychodynamic

unconscious drives—. cause behavior

mental illness rooted in conflict btwn conscious and unconscious mind

psychoanalytic therapy- discuss experiences,early childhood, and dreams

Humanistic

• need for personal growth and fufillment-drive behavior

• deviatiosn from natural tendency that ppl are innately good-mental ilness

• uncodnitioan pos regard,focus self actualization and max potential

Cognitive

choice among other possibiltites- behavior

mental illness- how ppl process info and thinking

congestive behavioral therapy and rational emotive behavior therapy ,focus on underlying thoughts (cognitions)

Evolutionary

• behavior and mental processes evolved adaptions by nat selection

• environmental response-behavior

• genetic variation,defense sys, mitmath- illness

• combo therapies -treatment

sociocultural

• societal expectations and cult context

• stress,inequality, discrimination,socioeconomic disadvantages

• culturally competent care,family therapy

biological (medical model)

neutor transmitter imbal, genetics, brain structure,physical illness

brain’s physical structure and function -mental illness

medication

Biopsychosocial model

interact of biological, psychological, and social factors to understand and explain human behaviors and mental processes

biological factors

• brain structure

• neurotransmitters

• physical health

• hormones

psychological factors

• learned behaviors

• cognitive interpretations (thinking patterns)

• attitudes

• coping skills

sociocultural factors

• cultural vals

• societal norms

• family dynamics

• peer pressure

Diathesis-stress model

mental disorder result from combo of biological/genetic predisposition (diathesis) and environmental stressors

Diathesis

-pre-existing

biological,psychological

stress

life events

trauma

pressure

Neurodevelopmental disorders

• Conditions that affect the development of the brain and nervous system, difficulties in behavior, cognition, communication, and social interaction.

• Often manifest early in childhood.

Neurodevelopmental Disorder Symptoms

• difficulties with language and speech, motor skills, behavior, memory, learning, or other neurological functions.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Persistent patterns of inattention, impulsivity, or hyperactivity that interfere with functioning or development.

ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder)

• affects communication and behavior. It includes conditions previously considered separate — autism, Asperger's syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, and an unspecified form of pervasive developmental disorder.

Possible causes of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

• Low birth weight

  Environmental contaminants, such as lead

  Fetal exposure to smoking, alcohol, recreational drugs, or medications during pregnancy

  Premature birth

• genetic mutations

• exposure to toxcins

Schizophrenic spectrum disorder

A psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, 

and/or diminished or inappropriate emotional expression.

Acute (Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders)

• Sudden one set of symptoms or relapse

• Intense pos symptoms (hallucinations,delusions, and disorganized speech)

• Immediate intervention, hospitalization

• Temporary

Chronic (Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders)

• long-term, durations of 6+ months

• Negative symptoms (apathy,social withdrawal, reduced speech) cognitive decline though pos symptoms may persist

• long term care, rehabilitation,maintenance medication and psychosocial support

Positive Symptoms

• Halluciations, hearing voices.

  Seeing things that do not exist.

  Paranoia, exaggerated or distorted perceptions ,beliefs, and behaviors.

Negative Symptoms

• Decreased speech.

  Impaired emotional expression.

  Reduced desire to have social contact.

  Reduced drive to engage in self-directed activities.

  Decreased pleasure.

• Reduces initiative and sense of pleasure for an individual. 

Delusions

False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

Delusions of persecution

• Feels they are being targeted, harmed, or harassed by others.

• Anxiety and isolation

• characterized by feelings of paranoia and distrust,

Delusions of grandeur

• Exaggerated sense of one's importance, power, knowledge, or identity

• Inflated sense of ability,status,accomplishments]

• Unrealistic/impossible

Hallucinations

False sensory experience, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.

Disorganized thinking or speech

• fragmented or illogical thoughts and speech patterns

• difficult to communicate effectively.

• difficult to understand and jumps topics,repetition, inventing words

Word salad

• Severe disorganized thinking

• Confused,incoherent jumble of seemingly random words/phrases

• grammatically sound, lack meaning

Disorganized motor behavior

• Unusual and atypical movement or actions exhibited by individuals

• Purposeless/chaotic

Catatonia

• Psycho-motor immobility and behavioral abnormality

Catatonic excitement:

• Intense,purposeless and uncontrollable motor agitation,pacing or frantic movement

• exterme agitation,hyperactivity, and inability to control movements

Catatonic stupor

• immobility, lack of speech and reduced responsiveness

• Decreased responsiveness to the environment.

Flat affect

• Severe reduction in emotional expressiveness

• person’s face appear expressionless

• or voice lack inflection and variability

Possible Causes of Schizophrenia

• Genetics (family history)

• brain chem

• environmental factors (live in poverty,stress, danger)

• pregnancy/birth issues (not enough nutrition,low birth weight,toxins)

• Mind altering drugs as a teen/young adults

Dopamine hypothesis

• Excess dopamine activity in certain brain areas is associated w/ development and symptoms of schizophrenia

Depressive Disorders

sad,empty or irritable.

physical and cognitive changes

affect person ability to funct

Depressive Disorders Symptoms

• sad

• loss of pleasure

• weight changes

• fatigue

• lack motivation

• cognitive impairment

• worthless feeling

• trouble sleeping

Major depressive disorder

• abscene of drugs /med condt

• 2 / more wks w/ 5/more symptoms at least 1 of which musth be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest/pleasure

Presistent depressive disorder

• fewer and less sever symptoms compared to major

• similar

• low self worth\fatigue

• chronic continuing for yrs

• appetitie /weight change

Possible causes Presistent depressive disorder

• temperment

• environmental/social

• biological/physiological: woman=life stages,physical,chemical imbalance

• genetics/fam-2-4x more likwly,genetic abonormalities

Bipolar Disorders

changes in a persons mood energy and ability to funct

exterme and intense emotional states

Depression symptoms

• gloomy withdrawn

• inability to make decisions

• tired

• slowness of thought

• suicidal ideation

Mania symptoms

• mood disorder

• hyperactive,widly optimistic

• elation ,euphoria

• desire for action

• muilt ideas / racing thoughts

• impulse

Cycling

experiencing periods of depression and mania in alternating periods that can last various amounts of time

Bipolar I disorder

• At least 1 manic episode ,may follow by hypomanic/depressive episodes.

• manic episodes are severe and impair daily functioning/ require hospitalization.

Bipolar II Disorder

• deprssive episodes and hypomanic episodes

• no full blown manic episode typical of Bipolar I

• hypomanic episodes less severe and don’t cause significant impairment in social/ occupational functioning

Possible causes of bipolar disorders

• biological -neuro chem imbal, structural brain abnormalities,disruptions

• Neuro transmitter sys

• cultural

• genetic

• social-childhood adversity,stress,support,socioecon

• cognitive

Anxiety disorder/symptoms

Distressing ,persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

sweating ,shortness of breathe,racing heart

Specific Phobia

• anxiety disorder ,persistent,irrational fear and avoidance of a specific thing

Acrophobia

• abnormal and irrational fear of high places/heights

• lead to anxiety/panic attacks

Arachnophobia

• exterme/ irrational fear of spiders

Agoraphobia

• fear/avoidance of situations ,crowds/wide open places, where one has felt loss.

Panic Disorder

• unpredictable ,minslong episode of intense dread,experience terror and chest pain,choking,etc.

• followed by worry over next attack

Ataque de nervios

• disorder common among Latinos /Hispanic pops.

• intense emotional outbursts,trembling,crying,screams and verbal /physical aggression

Social Anxiety Disorder

• intense fear of social situations,lead to aviodance

• formerly social phobia

Taijin kyofusho

• culture bound-Japan

• intense fear and anxiety of offending embarrassing others through own actions/appearance

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

• Person continually tense,apprehensive, and in a state of automatic nervous sys arousal

Possible causes of anxiety disorders

• genetics

• brain chem imbalance (GABA/ Serotonin)

• heighten amygdala activity

• environment

Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

• unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

Obession

• perisstent unwanted thought/idea

• keeps recurring

Compulsion

• urge to repeatedly carry out act that’s strange/unreasonable

Hoarding disorder

• difficulty in discarding/parting w/ possessions ,lead to clutter that interferes w/ living space and functioning

Possible Causes of obessive-compulsive disorders

• trauma/ high stress

• cognitive issues

• genetics

• personality traits (perfectionism)

Dissociative disorders

• conscious awareness separated/dissociated from previous memories,thoughts and feelings

Dissociative disorders Symptoms

• memory gaps (amnesia)

• detachment (depersonalization)

• alt identities

Dissociative amnesia

• inability to remember important personal info usually related to traumatic /stressful events

• not physical /medical condition

Fugue

Subtype of dissociative amnesia w sudden travel, wandering and temporary loss due to triggers

not required to diagnose dissociative amnesia

Dissociative identity disorder

• rare exhibits 2/more distinct and alternating personalities

• formerly multiple personality disorder

Possible Causes Dissociative disorders

• chronic/repeated childhood trauma

• early life stress

• attachment/developmental factors

Trauma-and stressor-related disorders

• Group of mental health disorder include conditions triggered by traumatic event

Trauma-and stressor-related disorders Symptoms

• flashbacks

• nightmares

• severe anxiety

• uncontrollable thoughts

• aviodance

• hypervigilance

• insomnia

• irritability

Postraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

• haunting memories, nightmares ,social withdrawal jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and or insomnia lingers for 4 wks/more

Trauma-and stressor-related disorder Possible causes

• exposure to actual threatened death,injury, or violence

• witness traumatic event

• assault/combat, natural disasters