Chapter 27: The Male Reproductive System

sexual reproduction

the production of offspring through the combination of genetic material

gamete cells

specialized cells for reproduction

sperm

male gamete

producing sperm

Y chromosome

ovum

female gamete

producing eggs

lacking Y chromosome

fertilization

the event when a male gamete cell and a female gamete cell have united and produces a zygote

homologous

genes controlling the same inherited characteristics

somatic cells

regular body cells, have pairs of homologous chromosomes

homologous chromosome pairs

get one from each parent

matched

length, centromere location, and gene loci (locations)

Sex chromosome

1 pair, XY for males, XX for females

autosomes pair and kind?

22 pairs, Homologous

Sex

Determined by type of sperm

X= female

Y = male

female reproductive system produces what

produces eggs

female reproductive system recieves what

recieves sperm

female reproductive system provides what

gametes union

female reproductive system harbours what

harbors fetus

female reproductive system nourishes what

nourishes offspring

What is the female reproductive system copulatory organ

vagina

male reproductive system produce what

produce sperm

what is the male reproductive system copulatory organ?

penis

penis

introduces gametes to the female reproductive tract

reproductive system primary organs

gonads

gonads produce what

produce gametes

male gonads

testes

female gonads

ovaries

secondary reproductive system organs for females

uterine tubes, uterus, vagina

secondary reproductive system organs for males

ducts, glands, penis

external genitalia

perineum, visible, female perineum

female perineum

subcutaneous

internal genitalia

pelvic cavity, testes

testes genitalia

scrotum

testes

primary sex organ

accessory sex glands

seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands, secrete fluids for proper sperm function

perineum

between thighs, borders public symphysis, ischial tuberosities, scrotum and penis

urethra

part of both the urinary and reproductive systems in men

the scrotum

pouch of skin, muscle, and fibrous connective tissue

the scrotum contains the

testes and perineal raphe

perineal raphe

external divides the scrotum, runs from the glands to the anus

median septum

internally divides the scrotum

dartos muscle is found where

found in both the scrotal septum and the subcutaneous layer

dartos muscle is composed of what

composed of bundles of smooth muscle

cremaster

extension of the internal oblique muscle

the scrotum temperature regulation

cannot produce sperm at core body temperature of 98.6°F, must be held at about 95°CF

when it is cold, the scrotum does what?

contracts to hold testes closer to body

when it is warm, the scrotum does what?

relaxes and testes are further from body

dartos muscle in cold

contracts  wrinkle the scrotum  holds testes against body

dartos muscle -cold

reduces surface area, and prevents heat loss

the testes

endocrine and exocrine gland, produce sex hormones and sperm

tunica vaginalis

erous membrane that covered the testes

tunica albuginea

deep to the tunica vaginalis, composed of dense irregular connective tissue

septa

separates the testes into lobules

seminiferous tubules are responsible for what?

responsible for sperm formation

interstitial endocrine cells produce what?

produce testosterone

spermatogonia are responsible for what?

spermatogenic cells responsible for sperm formation

nurse or sustentacular cells are responsible for what?

responsible for supporting spermatogenesis

leydig cells are responsible for what?

responsible for secreting testosterone

sertoli cells

nurse cells

sertoli cells form what?

form the blood-testis barrier

sertoli cells prevent what?

prevent immune responses against sperm cells

other functions of sertoli cells

nourish immature and mature sperm cells

phagocytize excess cytoplasm released by sperm

control movement of spermatogonia

control sperm release into the tubule lumen

produce fluid for sperm transport

secrete inhibin, and regulate the effects of testosterone and FSH

gamete cells

diploid cells, haploid cells, meiosis

diploid cells

two homologous sets of chromosomes

how many two homologous sets of chromosomes

46

somatic cells

diploid

haploid cells

a single set of chromosomes and one sex chromosome

how many set of chromosomes and one sex chromosome

23

gamete

haploid

meiosis

the process of nuclear division to form haploid cells used in sexual reproduction

Interphase

occurs before meiosis as well, with growth and chromosome duplication

meiosis I

homologous chromosomes come together in groups of four chromatids-called tetrads, they then split up into individual replicated chromosomes

meiosis II

the replicated chromosomes are split into individual chromosomes

phases of meiosis 1

prophase I  metaphase I  metaphase I  anaphase I  telophase I

prophase 1- what happens to nuclear envelope?

nuclear envelope breaks down

prophase I, waht happens to nucleoli?

nucleoli disappear

prophase I, what happens to spindle apparatus

spindle apparatus becomes fully formed

prophase 1 forms what

formation of tetrads, which creates new genes

formation of tetrads creates what

creates new genes

prophase 1, what happense when chromosomes condense?

chromosomes condense, then migrate to the middle of the cell,

prophase 1, what happens after the migration to the middle of the cell?

homologous chromosomes are grouped into tetrads

Prophase 1, what happens after the homologous choromosomes are group into tetrads?

chromosomes condense after recombination

prophase 1 is directed by what?

directed by the spindle apparatus towards the center of the cell

crossing over of prophase causes what to occur?

exchange of genetic material between chromosomes, occurs

metaphase I

tetrads are arranged on the metaphase plate

anaphase 1

tetrads separate and are directed by the spindle towards the poles

anaphase 1, do the chormosomes seperate?

chromosomes do not separate where each side has two versions of each chromosome (diploid)

anaphase 1, when do chromosomes seperate?

chromosomes separate where each side has two copies of the same chromosome (double haploid)

telophase I

chromosomes reach the poles, two nuclei are formed around the chromosomes, Cytokinesis splits the diploid cell into two daughter haploid cells

telophase 1, how many nuclei are formed around the chromosomes?

2

telophase 1, cytokinesis splits what?

splits the diploid cell into two daughter haploid cells

meiosis II

starting cell is a haploid cell with duplicate chromosomes

subphases of meiosis II

prophase II  metaphase II  anaphase II  telophase II  cytokinesis

one diploid cell has generated how many haploid gamete cells?

four

spermatogonia

stem cells derived from primordial germ cells

spermatogonia is formed where?

formed in yolk sac of embryo

primary spermatocytes

differentiation and migration through the blood-testis barrier

meiosis I

secondary spermatocytes, and has two haploids

meiosis II

secondary spermatocytes, has four spermatids

during cytokinesis, do the secondary spermatocytes and spermatids separate?

no, they do not seperate

cytokinesis has

cytoplasmic bridges

cytoplasmic bridges

connect the haploid cells