Latin Grammar: Participles, Subjunctives, and Clauses

Future Passive Participle

present stem + -ndus, -a, -um

Dative of Agent

used with future passive participle; expresses agent

gerund endings

N: (infinitive)

G: -i

D: -o

Acc: -um (not used for diriect object)

Ab: -o

for the sake of Xing

causa + preceding genitive gerund

What is the purpose of the subjunctive mood?

Used to express wishes, doubts, or hypothetical situations.

What is the main clause for purpose clauses?

ut + present or imperfect subjunctive.

When do you use the present subjunctive?

If the main verb is present or future.

When do you use the imperfect subjunctive?

If the main verb is any past tense.

How do you translate the subjunctive verb in purpose clauses?

Translate with 'may' if present tense or 'might' if imperfect tense.

What is the structure for negative purpose clauses?

Use 'ne' + present or imperfect subjunctive.

How do you translate the subjunctive verb in result clauses?

Translate as if indicative (no 'may' or 'might').

What is the structure for result clauses?

ut + present or imperfect subjunctive.

What is required in the main clause of result clauses?

An intensifying word (e.g., tam, tantus).

What is the structure for indirect questions?

Begins with an interrogative word and ends with a subjunctive verb.

When do you use the present or perfect subjunctive in indirect questions?

If the main verb is not a past tense.

When do you use the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive in indirect questions?

If the main verb is a past tense.

What does 'cum' indicate when not followed by an ablative?

It begins a 'cum' clause that often contains a subjunctive verb.

How do you translate 'cum'?

'When', 'since', or 'although' depending on context.

What is the translation for 'Viros bonos laudemus'?

Let us praise good men.

What is the translation for 'Ne libros malos legamus'?

Let us not read bad books.

What is the translation for 'Ex urbe fugimus ne ab hostibus capiamur'?

We are fleeing out of the city lest we be captured by the enemies.

What is the translation for 'Magister tam bene docet ut discipuli omnia verba discant'?

The teacher teaches so well that the students learn all the words.

What is the translation for 'Puer erat tam stultus ut verba numquam disceret'?

The boy was so foolish that he never learned the words.

What is the translation for 'Mater rogat cur filii sui pugnent'?

The mother asks why her sons are fighting.

What is the translation for 'Nescivi quid rex diceret'?

I didn't know what the king was saying.

What is the translation for 'Cum Caesar ad nostram insulam naviget, sumus beati'?

Since Caesar is sailing to our island, we are blessed.

What is the translation for 'Cum magister bene doceret, tamen discipuli non didicerunt'?

Although the teacher was teaching well, the students nevertheless didn't learn.

What is the stem vowel change for the 1st person singular in the present subjunctive?

ā e

What is the stem vowel change for the 2nd person singular in the present subjunctive?

ē ea

What is the stem vowel change for the 3rd person singular in the present subjunctive?

e (i) a

What is the stem vowel change for the 3rd io in the present subjunctive?

e (i) ia

What is the stem vowel change for the 4th person in the present subjunctive?

ī ia

Conjugate sum (1st person singular, present subjunctive):

sim

Conjugate sum (2nd person singular, present subjunctive):

sis

Conjugate sum (3rd person singular, present subjunctive):

sit

Conjugate sum (1st person plural, present subjunctive):

simus

Conjugate sum (2nd person plural, present subjunctive):

sitis

Conjugate sum (3rd person plural, present subjunctive):

sint

Conjugate possum (1st person singular, present subjunctive):

possim

Conjugate possum (2nd person singular, present subjunctive):

possis

Conjugate possum (3rd person singular, present subjunctive):

possit

Conjugate possum (1st person plural, present subjunctive):

possimus

Conjugate possum (2nd person plural, present subjunctive):

possitis

Conjugate possum (3rd person plural, present subjunctive):

possint

What are the personal endings for the imperfect subjunctive?

AFTER THE INFINITIVE -m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt; (passive: -r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur)

How do you form the perfect active subjunctive?

Perfect stem (3rd PP minus the final 'i') + Tense marker (-eri-) + personal endings (m, s, t, mus, tis, nt)

pluperfect subjunctive endings (Active)

3rd PP +

1st Singular-issem

2nd Singular-issēs

3rd Singular-isset

1st Plural-issēmus

2nd Plural-issētis

3rd Plural-issent

pluperfect subjunctive translation

Active (e.g., portavisset): "He/she/it had carried"

Passive (e.g., portatus esset): "He/she/it had been carried"

ablative of description

quality of a person, no preposition, with/of

ablative of place from which

Used with Prepositions: ā, ab; ē, ex, de; used with verbs of departure/motion

Ablative of Separation

a/ab

help, assistance

auxilium, -a, n.

food

cibus, cibi, m

moon

luna, lunae, f.

light

lux, lucis, f.

walls of a city (always plural)

moenia, moenium

bridge

pons, pontis, m.

star, planet

stella, -ae, f.

to approach, to draw near

appropinquō, appropinquāre, appropinquāvī, appropinquātūs (+dat or ad +acc)

to put together, put into, store; found, establish

condo, condere, condidi, conditum

to try, attempt

conor, conari, conatus sum

to set fire to, burn

incendo, incendere, incendi, incensus

to speak, tell, talk

loquor, loqui, locutus sum

to kill, slay, fall down

occido, occidere, occidi, occisus

to excel; exhibit, show, offer, supply, furnish

praesto, praestare, praestiti, praestitum

to set out, depart

proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum

to avoid

vito, vitare, vitavi, vitatus

dead

mortuus, -a, -um

someone, something, anyone

aliquis, aliquid

there

ibi

a little

paulum, adv

at once, immediately

statim (adv)

nevertheless, however

tamen

so large, so great, of such a size

tantus, tanta, tantum

so, thus

ita, sic, tam