2nd Semester Science Test Study Guide

What type of reaction is this? 2H₂O→2H₂ + O₂

decomposition

During titration, the point where the indicator changes color and stays that way is called the ….?

endpoint

What is the formula of the hydronium ion?

H₃O⁺

What do bases produce in solutions?

Hydroxide ions, OH^-

What comes from an alcohol that is not a base but has a hydroxyl group?

aledehydes

What is a precipitate?

an insoluble solid

What does this symbol mean in a chemical equation? (l)

liquid

What does this symbol mean in a chemical equation? (g)

gas

What does this symbol mean in a chemical equation? (s)

solid

What does this symbol mean in a chemical equation? (aq)

aqueous

What does the term ductile mean?

can be drawn into thin wires

What does the term malleable mean?

can be hammered into sheets

What does the term luster mean?

shiny

This is used to accelerate protons..

cyclotron, proton accelerator

What is used to represent the name of an element?

symbol

What element group combines with metals to form salts?

Halogens

True/False. All synthetic elements are radioactive.

True

What are electrolytes?

produce ions when dissolved in water, and conducts electricity

What are nonelectrolytes?

don’t produce ions when dissolved in water, and don’t conduct electricity

What family of metals are the most reactive?

alkali

What are transuranium elements?

synthetic, radioactive, and have an atomic number over 92 (uranium)

What is a chemical formula?

representation of a compound that uses element symbols and subscripts to show the types and quantities of atoms

What is the name for a group of covalently bonded atoms that acts together as one charged atom?

polyatomic ions

What type of reaction occurs when one element replaces another in a compound?

single displacement

What would do to increase the solubility of a gas?

increase pressure, decrease temperature

Studying the effects of variables in order to test a hypothesis is called an ….?

experiment

Describe the shape and volume of this type of matter. (Solid)

fixed shape + fixed volume

Describe the shape and volume of this type of matter. (Liquid)

fixed volume but no fixed shape

Describe the shape and volume of this type of matter. (Gas)

No fixed shape or volume

What is the true motion of particles at absolute zero?

no movement

What is the most common state of matter in the universe?

plasma

In which state of matter (solid, liquid, or gas) are particles moving the fastest?

gas

In which state of matter (solid, liquid, or gas) are particles moving the slowest?

solid

True/False. A compound is an example of a mixture.

False

What is Charles’s Law?

when gas gets hotter, it takes up more space, and when gas gets colder, it takes up less space. As long as the pressure stays the same.

What is Bernoulli’s Principle?

when a fluid (like air or water) moves faster, its pressure becomes lower. (Ex: Planes)

What is Archimedes’ Principle?

an object in water (or any fluid) is pushed upward by a force equal to the weight of the fluid it pushes out of the way

What is Boyle’s law?

P1​V1​=P2​V2​, when pressure on a gas increases, its volume decreases, and when pressure decreases, volume increases, as long as the temperature stays the same.

What is Pascal’s principle?

when pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted unchanged throughout the fluid, applied in hydraulic machines

What is used to represent outer level electrons of atoms?

Lewis Dot Diagrams

What are catalysts?

substances that speeds up a reaction without getting consumed or changed itself

What are inhibitors?

substances that slow down reactions

What are substances on the left side of the arrow in a reaction called?

reactants

What are substances on the right side of the arrow in a reaction called?

products

What happens to pressure if the volume of a gas increases and temperature remains the same?

decreases

What substances change color in the presence of an acid or base?

indicators

How are the formulas for hydrates written?

compound*_H₂O

What type of substances taste bitter and feel slippery?

bases

What is the formula for Hydrochloric acid?

HCl

Substances made from esters are called?

polyesters

What does pH measure?

concentration of hydrogen ions, acidity

How do acids taste?

sour

What type of reaction occurs when an acid and base mix to produce salt and water?

neutralization

What does an ester come from?

a reaction between an acid+alcohol, esterification

Is the following an example of the ionization of an acid or a base? HCl + H₂O → H₃O⁺+Cl^-

ionization of an acid

What is a polyatomic ion?

composed of two or more atoms covalently bonded

What is an endothermic reaction?

a process that absorbs energy, usually in the form of heat, from its surroundings

What is an exothermic reaction?

a process that releases energy into its surroundings, usually in the form of heat or light

What is an insoluble compound produced during a reaction?

a precipitate

What is an example of a solid solution?

alloy

How does adding more solute affect the freezing point?

lowers it

How does adding more solute affect the boiling point?

raises it

What are examples of physical properties?

color, density, melting/boiling points, solubility, magnetism, volume, shape, size

What are examples of chemical properties?

flammability, toxicity, chemical stability, pH, taste, smell

What are horizontal rows on the periodic table called?

periods

What are vertical columns on the periodic table called?

groups

What is an isotope?

same element, different amount of neutrons

Why is Hydrogen grouped with alkali metals?

it has 1 valence electron

What is the only metal that is liquid at room temp?

mercury

What is the only nonmetal that is liquid at room temp?

bromine

What are characteristics of nonmetals?

poor conductors of heat + electricity, brittle

What is the Tyndall effect?

scattering of light by particles in a colloid

Where are metals located on the periodic table?

left of stairstep

Where are nonmetals located on the periodic table?

right of stairstep

Where are metaloids located on the periodic table?

stairstep