AP World History Modern - Unit 7: A Global Conflict

What major political pattern appeared after 1900?

Old empires weakened or collapsed, and new states and ideologies rose.

What caused major state change after 1900?

Internal pressures and external pressures.

Who overthrew the Ottoman sultan in 1908?

The Young Turks.

How did the Young Turks secularize the Ottoman Empire?

They secularized schools and law codes.

What political reform did the Young Turks introduce?

Political elections.

What language policy did the Young Turks adopt?

They made Turkish the official language.

How did Young Turk reforms affect minorities?

They alienated minorities like Arabs and encouraged nationalism.

What happened to the Ottoman Empire after World War I?

It ended.

Which groups in Russia increasingly demanded a voice in government before 1917?

The middle class and industrial workers.

What happened in the Russian Revolution of 1905?

It was suppressed.

How did Tsar Nicholas II respond after 1905?

He made limited reforms, but little changed.

How did World War I affect Russia?

It worsened Russia's problems.

Who took power in Russia in 1917?

Lenin and the Bolsheviks.

What new state was created after the Russian Revolution?

The Soviet Union.

Who led the revolutionary movement against the Qing in China?

Sun Yat-sen.

What ended about 2,000 years of imperial rule in China?

The Qing emperor stepped down.

What happened in China after the Qing emperor stepped down?

A provisional government formed, then civil war followed.

Who later made China a communist state?

Mao Zedong.

Which dictator was overthrown in the Mexican Revolution?

Porfirio Díaz.

How did Porfirio Díaz's rule affect Mexico?

It benefited foreign powers but hurt many Mexicans.

Who became president after Díaz and supported land redistribution?

Francisco Madero.

What happened to Francisco Madero?

He was assassinated.

Which two peasant leaders rose up in Mexico?

Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.

What did Mexico's 1917 constitution do?

It addressed many grievances.

What does M.A.I.N. stand for as causes of WWI?

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism.

What is militarism?

Glorification of the military and buildup of arms.

Why was militarism dangerous before WWI?

It created an arms race among European powers.

What are alliances?

Agreements to defend other countries.

Why did alliances make WWI spread quickly?

One conflict could pull many countries into war.

Who was in the Triple Alliance / Central Powers?

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy.

Who was in the Triple Entente / Allies?

Britain, France, Russia.

What is imperialism?

Competition for land, colonies, resources, and power.

What is nationalism?

Strong pride in one's nation, often with hostility toward rivals.

Why were the Balkans called a 'powder keg'?

Nationalist tensions there could easily explode into conflict.

Why was Serbia angry at Austria-Hungary?

Austria-Hungary controlled Bosnia, a Slavic region.

What is Pan-Slavism?

The belief that Slavic peoples should be free and united.

Who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand?

Gavrilo Princip.

Where was Franz Ferdinand assassinated?

Sarajevo.

Why did the assassination of Franz Ferdinand lead to world war?

It triggered the alliance system in an already unstable Europe.

How did militarism and alliances help cause WWI?

They made Europe ready for a large war.

How did imperialism and nationalism help cause WWI?

They created strong rivalries before 1914.

What was the immediate cause of WWI?

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914.

What was total war?

Use of all a nation's resources for war, including civilians.

Why was WWI called the first total war?

Entire populations were mobilized and civilians were deeply involved.

What is the homefront?

Civilians supporting the war from within their own country.

How did civilians support WWI on the homefront?

Factory work, production, rationing, and making supplies.

Which groups entered the workforce in large numbers during WWI?

Women and children.

How did war affect civilian economies in WWI?

They became focused on the war effort.

What hardships did civilians face on the homefront?

Longer hours and shortages of basic goods.

What is propaganda?

Information meant to influence opinions and behavior.

Why did governments use propaganda in WWI?

To increase support, encourage enlistment, and maintain morale.

How did WWI propaganda persuade people?

By using guilt, pride, duty, and nationalism.

What was one effect of anti-enemy propaganda?

It demonized the enemy and justified sacrifice.

What new technologies made WWI deadlier?

Machine guns, chemical weapons, submarines, airplanes, and tanks.

What two gases were especially important in WWI?

Chlorine gas and mustard gas.

What was trench warfare?

Fighting from trenches with little land gained.

What was No Man's Land?

The dangerous space between opposing trenches.

Why did trench warfare create stalemate?

Neither side could win decisively despite huge casualties.

What is stalemate?

A situation where neither side can win.

What dangers did soldiers face in the trenches?

Bombardment, gas attacks, machine-gun fire, mines, tanks, grenades, and artillery.

How did trench conditions affect soldiers mentally?

They caused fear, trauma, exhaustion, and constant danger.

How did European empires use colonial troops in WWI?

They recruited soldiers from their colonies.

Name one example of colonial troops in WWI.

Canadian troops for Britain or African troops for France.

Why did many colonial troops fight in WWI?

They hoped for recognition or self-rule.

Why were WWI casualties so high?

More people fought, industrial weapons killed faster, and civilians also suffered.

What major turning point happened in 1917 in WWI?

The United States entered the war.

Why did the U.S. enter WWI according to your notes?

Germany's communication with Mexico.

Why did Russia leave WWI?

The Russian Revolution brought Lenin's government to power.

What happened in 1918 in WWI?

The Central Powers surrendered.

What did the War Guilt Clause require?

Germany had to accept blame for WWI.

What were reparations?

Payments for war damage.

What did the Treaty of Versailles force Germany to do?

Accept blame, pay reparations, reduce its military, and give up land and colonies.

What was the League of Nations based on?

Collective security.

What was the goal of collective security?

Nations would cooperate to preserve peace.

Why was the League of Nations weakened from the start?

The U.S. did not join.

What is self-determination?

The right of people to have their own country.

Name two new states created after WWI.

Austria and Hungary.

Name two more new states created after WWI.

Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.

Name two Baltic states created after WWI.

Latvia and Lithuania.

What happened to the Russian Empire after WWI?

It became the Soviet Union.

What happened to the Ottoman Empire after WWI?

It was reduced to Turkey.

Why did the Treaty of Versailles fail to create lasting peace?

It punished Germany harshly and left bitterness behind.

How did the Treaty of Versailles help lead to WWII?

German resentment helped fuel Hitler's rise.

What was the mandate system?

Former Ottoman and German lands were given to Western powers as 'caregivers.'

Why is the mandate system important in AP World?

It showed imperialism continued after WWI.

Why were colonized peoples frustrated after WWI?

(No answer provided in the notes.)

Who led the creation of modern Turkey?

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

What treaty recognized modern Turkey's borders in 1923?

The Treaty of Lausanne.

Who became the first president of Turkey?

Atatürk.

What does reform mean?

Change in institutions or society.

What does modernize mean?

Make a country more current, efficient, and developed.

What does westernize mean?

Adopt Western culture, laws, or dress.

What does secularize mean?

Separate religion from government, law, and education.

What was Atatürk's main goal for Turkey?

To make it a modern European state.

How did Atatürk modernize Turkey?

He strengthened and modernized the nation-state.

How did Atatürk westernize Turkey?

He replaced Arabic script with a Latin alphabet and encouraged Western dress.

How did Atatürk secularize Turkey?

He reduced religion's role, changed education, and abolished the caliphate.

How was westernization connected to modernization in Turkey?

Westernization was one method of modernization.

Why was secularization important in Turkey?

It helped Turkey break with the Ottoman past.

What type of ruler was Tsar Nicholas II?

An autocrat.