Healthy Lifestyle and Digestive System Practice Flashcards

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering healthy lifestyles, nutrients, food tests, drug effects, and the human digestive system.

What are the two factors that define a balanced diet according to the food pyramid?

1) Contain all the required nutrients and 2) In appropriate proportion

What are the 7 types of nutrients required for a healthy body?

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids (fats and oils), Vitamins, Minerals, Fibre, and Water

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?

To give us energy

What are the two main forms carbohydrates can take?

Starch or sugar

According to the transcript, what are four examples of foods rich in carbohydrates?

Potato, cereal, pasta, and rice

What is the primary use of proteins in the body?

For growth and repair

What are four examples of protein sources listed in the notes?

Beef, eggs, fish, and nuts

What are the three main functions of lipids (fats and oils)?

They give us energy, keep us warm, and provide protection to our organs

Name four examples of foods containing lipids.

Oil, cheese, butter, and chips

How much vitamins and minerals are needed to keep us healthy?

In small amounts

Name four examples of foods that provide vitamins and minerals.

Carrot, apple, corn, and grapes

What is the function of water in the body?

It replaces the water lost from our body

What is the function of fibre in the digestive system?

It keeps food moving through the digestive system

List four types of individuals who have specific factors affecting their nutrition requirements.

A pregnant lady, an office lady, a sport athlete, and teenagers

What happens to the body if more energy is consumed than is used?

The person will store excess fat and gain weight, which leads to obesity

What happens to the body if less energy is consumed than is used?

The person uses up fat stores and will lose weight, which leads to starvation

What is a deficiency disease?

A disease caused when the body lacks a certain vitamin or mineral

Which deficiency disease is caused by a lack of Vitamin C?

Scurvy

Which deficiency disease is caused by a lack of Calcium?

Rickets

What solution is used to test for the presence of starch?

Iodine solution

What is the color change for a positive starch test using iodine?

From brown to blue-black

What solution and condition are required to test for sugar?

Benedict solution and heat

What is the color change for a positive sugar test?

From Blue to green and finally to red precipitate

What solution is used to test for protein?

Biuret solution

What is the color change for a positive protein test?

From blue to purple

What are the steps for the Emulsion test for lipids?

1) Add ethanol, 2) Shake, 3) Add water

What is the positive result for the lipid Emulsion test?

The solution changes from colorless to cloudy white

What is the general definition of a drug?

Chemicals that affect the way our body works

What is the difference between medicinal and recreational drugs?

Medicinal drugs are taken to benefit health, while recreational drugs are taken for enjoyment, relaxation, or to help people stay awake

Why are illegal drugs banned?

Due to their impact on health, behaviour, and society

Give three examples of medicinal drugs.

Paracetamol, aspirin, and antibiotics

Give two examples of legal recreational drugs.

Caffeine and tobacco

Give three examples of illegal recreational drugs.

Cocaine, heroin, and cannabis

How do depressants affect the body?

They slow down the nervous system and make people more relaxed

How do stimulants affect the body?

They speed up the nervous system and make people feel high

Name an example of a depressant from the transcript.

Alcohol or heroin

Name an example of a stimulant from the transcript.

Ecstasy or nicotine

What does it mean if a person is addicted to a drug?

They need to continue taking the drug to feel normal

What are three examples of withdrawal symptoms?

Headaches, anxiety, and sweating

What specific drug is found in alcoholic drinks?

Ethanol

What is the term for a person addicted to alcohol?

An alcoholic

What disease can alcohol cause in the liver?

Cirrhosis

What syndrome can occur in babies if a pregnant woman drinks alcohol?

FAS (foetal alcohol syndrome)

How does alcohol impact conception?

It reduces fertility, which reduces the chance of pregnancy

What is the addictive drug found in cigarette tobacco?

Nicotine

What does the term 'carcinogenic' mean?

Damaging the DNA of cells and causing cancer

What is cancer defined as in the transcript?

Uncontrolled cell division

What specific lung structure is damaged by smoking?

Cilia

List four risks associated with smoking while pregnant.

Miscarriage, health problems, cot death, and low birth-weight babies

How does smoking affect the physical state of the blood?

Blood gets thick and dirty with toxins

Define ingestion.

Food enters the digestive system through the mouth

Define digestion.

Large insoluble food molecules are broken down into small soluble food molecules

Define absorption in the context of the digestive system.

Small soluble food molecules enter the bloodstream

Define egestion.

Undigested food is removed from the body through the anus

What is physical or mechanical digestion?

Breaking large pieces of food into smaller pieces without breaking chemical bonds; not a chemical reaction

What is chemical digestion?

Breaking large food molecules into smaller molecules by breaking chemical bonds; this is a chemical reaction

What is the main role of physical digestion in relation to enzymes?

To increase the surface area of food for enzymes to work on

Which enzyme digests starch into maltose?

Amylase

Which enzyme digests maltose into glucose?

Maltase

What broad type of enzyme are amylase and maltase categorized as?

Carbohydrase

Proteins are digested into amino acids by which enzyme?

Protease

Fats or oils are digested into fatty acids and glycerol by which enzyme?

Lipase

List the seven parts of the alimentary canal in order.

1. Mouth, 2. Oesophagus, 3. Stomach, 4. Small intestine, 5. Large intestine, 6. Rectum, 7. Anus

Name the four accessory organs of the digestive system.

1. Salivary glands, 2. Liver, 3. Gallbladder, 4. Pancreas

What is the definition of accessory organs?

Organs that produce or store substances for digestion but through which food does not enter or pass

What two types of digestion occur in the mouth?

Physical (chewing) and Chemical (saliva containing amylase)

What is peristalsis?

A wave of muscle contractions and relaxations that passes food along the alimentary canal

What tube connects the mouth to the stomach?

The Oesophagus

What digestion processes occur in the stomach?

Physical (muscular churning by peristalsis) and Chemical (gastric juice with protease)

What are the two functions of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice?

To kill bacteria on food and to provide the optimum pH for protease enzyme

What substance is produced by the liver?

Bile

What is the function of the gallbladder?

To store bile

What three digestive enzymes does the pancreas produce?

Amylase, protease, and lipase

What is emulsification?

Breaking large fat drops into small fat droplets and coating them to prevent re-sticking

Is emulsification considered physical or chemical digestion?

Physical digestion

What are the two main sections of the small intestine mentioned in the transcript?

Duodenum (digestion) and Ileum (absorption)

Which enzymes are secreted into the small intestine from the pancreas?

Amylase, protease, and lipase

Which enzyme is produced by the small intestine itself?

Maltase

What structures cover the wall of the small intestine to aid absorption?

Villi (plural) or Villus (singular)

By what process are nutrients absorbed through the small intestine walls?

Diffusion

Where do glucose and amino acids go after absorption in the villus?

Into the blood system (capillaries)

Where are fatty acids absorbed within the villus?

Into the lymphatic system (lacteal)

What is the function of the large intestine?

Absorbing water, salts, and certain vitamins

What is the function of the rectum?

The site where faeces are stored

Where does the removal of undigested matter (egestion) occur?

The anus

Identify the primary site for the absorption of most water.

The small intestine

Besides the small intestine, where else is some water absorbed?

The colon (large intestine)

What defines the process of diffusion?

When substances move from a higher concentration region to a lower concentration region

Specify the role of microvilli in the small intestine.

Increasing the internal surface area for absorption

What is the specific enzyme in saliva?

Amylase

What three conditions do enzymes need to function efficiently?

Specific food/substrate, specific temperature, and specific pH

In the stomach, protease digests protein into what smaller molecules?

Amino acids

What characterizes the physical state of food molecules after chemical digestion?

They are small and soluble

What characterizes the physical state of food molecules before digestion?

They are large and insoluble

Which part of the small intestine is specially adapted for absorption?

The second part (ileum)

What does bile lack that prevents it from being chemical digestion?

Enzymes (it does not break chemical bonds)

According to the summary table, what is the function of the oesophagus?

Swallowing by peristalsis

According to the transcript, how many cigarettes does the average smoker need per year?

Over five thousand

What happens to the job and family responsibilities of someone addicted to drugs?

They become neglected as obtaining the drug becomes the main priority

What is the definition of gastric juice?

A fluid produced by the stomach containing protease enzyme and hydrochloric acid