unit 3 vocab ap world

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century aimed at reforming the Roman Catholic Church and resulting in the creation of Protestant churches.

Indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church that was common practice to raise money, leading to the Reformation.

Martin Luther

A German monk and critic of the Roman Catholic Church who wrote 95 theses in 1517 attacking church practices.

Ottoman Empire

An Islamic state founded by Osman in Anatolia, it expanded after the fall of the Byzantine Empire and was known for religious tolerance and utilizing the devshirme system.

Mughal Empire

A Muslim state that expanded over most of India in the 16th and 17th centuries and allowed for religious tolerance, especially under Akbar.

Gunpowder Empires

Empires such as the Qing, Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals that employed gunpowder for military advancement.

Divine Right of Kings

Doctrine stating that a monarch's right to rule comes directly from God and not from the consent of the people.

Taj Mahal

A mausoleum built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his favorite wife, completed in 1649.

Janissaries

Elite infantry in the Ottoman army, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms, and established in the 15th century.

Counter Reformation

The reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation, reaffirming important Church doctrines and renewing efforts to spread Catholicism.

Sikhism

A monotheistic religion founded by Guru Nanak in northern India in the 16th century, incorporating elements of both Hinduism and Islam.

Mandate of Heaven

An ancient Chinese political theory that legitimized the ruler's authority as derived from a divine source.

Gutenberg Printing Press

An invention that utilized movable type to print, contributing to increased literacy and the spread of the Protestant Reformation in Europe.

Spanish Inquisition

A program initiated by the Spanish monarchy to investigate and eliminate heresy against Catholicism.

Qianlong Emperor

Emperor of the Qing Dynasty known for his reign during what was considered China's 'Golden Age' and for resisting increased European trade.

Jizya

A tax imposed on non-Muslims living within a Muslim empire.

Millets

Semi-autonomous communities of religious minorities in the Ottoman Empire, such as Christians or Jews, which governed their own affairs.

McCartney Mission

An unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations and trade with the Qing Empire.

Kangxi Emperor

Ruler of the Qing Dynasty known for stability and prosperity, transforming the Manchu rule into a Confucian establishment.

Bureaucracy

A large, complex governmental organization composed of appointed officials responsible for various functions of governance.

Tax farming

A practice where private collectors are contracted to collect taxes for a government, keeping any extra as profit.

Safavid-Mughal Conflict

A series of clashes between the Safavid and Mughal empires primarily over territorial disputes like Kandahar.

Qing Dynasty

Last imperial dynasty of China, founded in 1644 by the Manchus, ruled for over 260 years, and expanded China's borders.

Manchus

Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644.

Mughal Empire

Muslim state (1526-1857) that dominated most of India, faced challenges managing diversity.

Ottoman Empire

Islamic state of Turkic peoples (1453-1922), known for gunpowder armies and Janissaries.

Safavids

Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled Persia (Iran and parts of Iraq) from the 16th-18th centuries, blending cultures.

Songhai

Islamic West African empire that conquered Mali and controlled trade until the 16th century.

Devshirme

System by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries.

Janissaries

Elite Ottoman guards recruited as children from Christian populations, converted to Islam, and armed with gunpowder weapons.

Samurai

Class of salaried warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble (daimyo) for land or rice payments.

Divine Right

The idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and accountable only to God.

Absolute Monarchy

Government system where the head of state is a hereditary ruler with nearly complete power.

Versailles

Palace constructed by Louis XIV to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility during the late 17th and early 18th centuries.

Zamindars

Mughal Empire taxation system where decentralized lords collected tribute and taxes for the emperor.

Taj Mahal

Mausoleum in India built by Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, illustrating a blend of Indian and Arabic architectural styles.

Tax Farming

Ottoman tax-collection system hiring private individuals to generate revenue for expansion.

Protestant Reformation

Religious movement initiated by Martin Luther questioning Catholic Church practices, leading to the formation of new Christian denominations.

95 Theses

Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic Church, posted in 1517, igniting the Protestant Reformation.

Martin Luther

German monk and critic of the Catholic Church who wrote the 95 Theses and initiated the Protestant Reformation.

Counter/Catholic Reformation

Reaction by the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation, reaffirming papal authority and ending indulgences.

Jesuits

Missionary order created during the Counter Reformation to resist Protestant success and spread Catholicism.

Indulgence

A pardon given by the Catholic Church to reduce punishment for sins, associated with the selling of forgiveness.

Simony

The corrupt practice of buying and selling church offices, abolished during the Counter Reformation.

Inquisition

Catholic tribunal for investigating heresy, particularly prominent in Spain and the New World.

Thirty Years War

Conflict resulting from the Protestant Reformation (1618-1648) involving Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire.

John Calvin

French theologian who developed Calvinism, emphasized predestination, and attracted followers during the Reformation.

Sikhism

Monotheistic religion founded by Guru Nanak in the 16th century, incorporating elements of Hinduism and Islam.

Shogunate

Japanese government system under a shogun, who held actual power while the emperor was a figurehead.

Daimyo

Japanese feudal lord commanding a private army of samurai, vassals to the shogun.

Jizya

Tax paid by non-Muslims in Islamic communities allowing religious practice.

Millet System

Ottoman system dividing subjects into religious communities, each with autonomous governance under religious leaders.

Sakoku

Isolationist policy of the Japanese Tokugawa shogunate (1603-1868) limiting trade and foreign entry.