Introduction to Cell Biology and Organelles

This set covers the core components of cell theory, the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and the specific functions of various organelles as described in the lecture.

Modern cell theory

A theory stating that: 1. The cell is the smallest living unit in all organisms. 2. All living things are made of one or more cells. 3. All cells come from other, pre-existing cells.

Unicellular

An organism comprised of only a single cell, such as an amoeba.

Multicellular

An organism made of many cells, such as humans.

Prokaryote

A type of cell (rhymes with 'no') that has no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles; examples include Bacteria and Arachae.

Eukaryote

A type of cell (rhymes with 'do') that contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; examples include plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

Cell membrane

Also called a plasma membrane, it is a selectively permeable layer that controls what enters and exits the cell to maintain homeostasis.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a stable internal environment within a cell.

Cytoplasm

A jelly-like material found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes that surrounds all internal cell structures.

Cytoskeleton

A collection of fibers that provide support for the cell and its organelles, and can play a major role in movement.

Ribosomes

Small, non-membrane bound organelles present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes that make protein.

Nucleus

The 'big boss' of the eukaryotic cell that holds genetic material like DNA and controls the cell's activities.

Nucleolus

A structure located inside the nucleus where ribosomes are produced.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

An organelle involved in processing molecules and transporting them around the cell like a highway.

Rough ER

Part of the endoplasmic reticulum that has ribosomes attached and is specifically involved in protein production and transport.

Smooth ER

Part of the endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes; it performs roles such as detoxification and the production of some types of lipids.

Vesicles

Small sacs that pinch off the ER or Golgi apparatus to transport molecules.

Golgi apparatus

The ultimate packaging center that receives molecules from transport vesicles, modifies them with enzymes, and sorts them for distribution.

Mitochondria

The 'power plant' of the cell that produces $ATP$ energy through cellular respiration by using glucose and oxygen.

Chloroplasts

Organelles found in plant cells that capture light energy to produce glucose through photosynthesis; they contain a green pigment.

Vacuoles

Organelles used for the storage of materials; plant cells typically have one large central vacuole while animal cells have several smaller ones.

Cell wall

An additional outer layer found in plant cells that provides protection and maintains the cell's shape.