AP US History (copy)

European Countries Exploring the Americas

Spain, France, England, and the Netherlands.

Spain's Interaction with Native Americans

Conquered and converted; often violent.

France's Interaction with Native Americans

Allied with Native tribes, focused on fur trade.

England's Interaction with Native Americans

Settler colonialism; often led to conflict over land ownership.

Netherlands' Interaction with Native Americans

Primarily focused on trade, limited settlement.

Motives for Exploration

Gold, glory, and God: Pursuit of wealth, national prestige, and spread of Christianity.

Colonization Methods

Different approaches included forced conversions, trade relationships, and displacement of natives.

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of goods, ideas, people, and diseases between the Old World and the New World.

Triangular Trade

Trade system between Europe, Africa, and the Americas involving slaves, raw materials, and manufactured goods.

Middle Passage

The brutal sea journey taken by enslaved Africans to the Americas.

Emergence of Slave Trade

Demand for labor in plantations led to systemic enslavement of Africans.

Indentured Servants

Laborers who worked for a set number of years in exchange for passage to America.

Dominion of New England

A 1686 administrative union of English colonies in the New England region.

Mercantilism

Economic policy aimed at maximizing exports and minimizing imports to build wealth for the mother country.

New England Colonies

Primarily Puritan roots; economy focused on trade, fishing, and small farms.

Southern Colonies

Generally more diverse with large plantations; relied on slave labor for cash crops.

King Philip's War

Conflict between Native Americans and English colonists in New England (1675-1678).

Bacon’s Rebellion

1676 rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon against colonial government in Virginia, highlighting tensions.

Navigation Acts

Laws restricting colonial trade to England and its colonies to increase revenue for the British crown.

Stono Rebellion

Slave uprising in South Carolina in 1739, leading to stricter slave codes.

Slavery in the Colonies

Institutionalized labor system, primarily in the South.

Division Between North and South

Cultural and economic differences exacerbating tensions.

Northwest Ordinance

Laws establishing a method for admitting new states from the Northwest Territory, prohibiting slavery.

French and Indian War

Conflict between Britain and France in North America; led to British debt and colonial unrest.

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement emphasizing reason and individualism, influencing political thoughts in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Causes of American Revolution

Taxation without representation and British interference in colonial affairs.

American Revolution

Led to independence; key figures included Washington, Adams, Jefferson; key battles: Lexington, Saratoga, Yorktown.

Role of Women During Revolution

Women took on roles traditionally held by men, contributing to economic and social change.

First Great Awakening

Religious revival in the 1730s and 40s emphasizing personal faith and leading to increased religious diversity.

Articles of Confederation

First governing document of the U.S.; established a weak central government.

Constitution

Established the framework of the U.S. government; balanced power between national and state governments.

Federalist vs Anti-Federalist

Federalists supported a strong central government; Anti-Federalists advocated for states' rights.

⅗ Compromise

Agreement counting slaves as three-fifths of a person for representation during the Constitutional Convention.

Chief Justice John Marshall

Influential Supreme Court Chief Justice known for establishing judicial review.

McCulloch vs Maryland

Landmark Supreme Court case establishing federal supremacy over state law.

Andrew Jackson

7th President known for populism and Indian removal policies.

Development of the Democratic Party

Emerged as a major political party under Jackson, appealing to the common man.

Indian Removal Act

Legislation facilitating the relocation of Native Americans from their lands.

Whigs

Political party formed opposing Jackson; favored protectionist policies.

Cotton Industry in the South

Became a staple of the Southern economy, driving demand for slave labor.

Henry Clay/American System

Economic plan promoting internal improvements and protectionist tariffs.

Abolitionist Movement

Movement to end slavery in the United States.

Women’s Rights Movement/Seneca Falls

Early feminist movement, marked by the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848.

Market Revolution

Transformation of the economy via industry and transportation improvements.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival that prompted social movements including abolition and temperance.

Joseph Smith/Mormonism

Founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons).

Nullification Crisis

Conflict between South Carolina and federal government over tariff laws.

John C. Calhoun

Advocate for states' rights, known for his role in Nullification.

Worcester v. Georgia

Supreme Court case ruling that Georgia’s laws couldn’t be enforced on Cherokee lands.

Missouri Compromise

Agreement to maintain the balance of free and slave states, establishing the 36°30’ line.

Election 1850s-1860

Political shifts leading up to the Civil War, defining issues included slavery.

Lincoln and the Rise of the Republican Party

Lincoln’s election marked a shift in national politics opposing slavery.

Manifest Destiny

Belief in the westward expansion of the U.S. as justified and inevitable.

Mexican-American War

Conflict resulting in territorial acquisitions for the U.S.; started over Texas annexation.

Compromises of 1850 and Kansas-Nebraska Act

Aimed at resolving tensions over slavery, allowing settlers to decide on slavery.

Bleeding Kansas

Violent conflict in Kansas Territory over slavery issues.

Nativism/Know-Nothings

Anti-immigrant movement in the 1850s, focused on preserving American values.

Caning of Charles Sumner

Incident illustrating intense political conflict over slavery.

Free-Soil Party

Political party opposing the expansion of slavery into the territories.

Gettysburg Address

Lincoln's speech emphasizing national unity and human equality.

Emancipation Proclamation

Executive order freeing slaves in Confederate states during the Civil War.

Reconstruction

Period post-Civil War focused on rebuilding the South and integrating freed slaves.

Radical Republicans During Civil War and Reconstruction

Faction pushing for strong measures to secure rights for formerly enslaved people.

13th, 14th, 15th Amendments

Constitutional amendments abolishing slavery, granting citizenship, and ensuring voting rights for African American men.