Exam 3

Personality Disorder

a long-lasting, unhealthy way of thinking, feeling, and relating to others that starts when you're young and deviates markedly from the individual’s culture and leads to distress or impairment.

Behavior patterns must manifest themselves in at least two of

these four areas:

1. Cognition

2. Affectivity

3. Interpersonal functioning

4. Impulse control

Cluster A personality diorders

A personality type marked by odd or eccentric behavior; includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.includes paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal personality disorders

Cluster B personality disorders

A personality type marked by dramatic, emotional, or impulsive behavior, a need for excitement, and an inflated sense of self. includes histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial, and borderline personality disorders

Cluster C personality disorders

a group marked by anxiety, fearfulness, and overly controlled behavior, often quiet and inward-focused.”personality type characterized by avoidant, dependent and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Constantly suspicious and distrustful of others; always on guard, struggles to trust, and reacts with hostility to criticism.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Unusual beliefs, behavior, and appearance; may have strange ideas like magical thinking or psychic beliefs

Schizoid Personality Disorder

lack of interest in relationships and very limited emotions

Histrionic Personality Disorder

overly dramatic emotions and behavior, with a strong need to be the center of attention.”

Narcissistic Personality Disorder:

an inflated sense of self-importance, a strong need for admiration, and little empathy for others.

Agentic

Desire control on one's own behalf or on the behalf of another.

Antagonistic

showing or feeling active opposition or hostility toward someone or something.

Neurotic

The trait disposition to experience negative affects, including anger, anxiety, self‐consciousness, irritability, emotional instability, and depression.

Grandiose narcissism

exaggerated self-importance, dominance, aggression, and a strong sense of entitlement, with overconfidence in abilities.

Vulnerable narcissism

a shaky self-esteem hidden behind arrogance, with strong shame and sensitivity to criticism or rejection.

Vulnerable subtype

Considered from abuse or neglect, controlling, intrusive, and/or cold parenting.

Grandiose subtype

Also considered from the above parenting behavior, in addition to overvaluation.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

characterized by a disregard for society’s moral or legal standards and an impulsive and risky lifestyle.

- once referred to as psychopathy and sociopathy

-behavior must start by 15

- can only be diagnosed at 18

Hervey Cleckly (1976) developed a set of criteria for psychopathy.

a pattern of antisocial traits including lack of guilt, no empathy, impulsivity, dishonesty, poor judgment, and failure to learn from consequences.”

Biological Perspectives:

- Strong evidence in favor of genetics

Early life experience

Considered to be the most significant factor in development of antisocial personality disorder

The response modulation hypothesis for psychopathy

individuals high in psychopathy are unable to pay attention to secondary cues rather than switch attention as needed

Neuropsychological deficits

abnormal learning and attention

Borderline Personality Disorder

a pattern of unstable emotions, relationships, and identity, with poor impulse control

Diagnostic Criteria for Borderline Personality Disorder

borderline Personality Disorder is diagnosed when 5 of 9 symptoms are present.

• Fear of abandonment

• Unstable intense relationships

• Unclear or shifting identity

• Impulsivity (sex, spending, risky behavior)

• Suicidal behavior or threats

• Rapid mood changes

• Chronic emptiness

• Anger issues

• Brief paranoia or dissociation

emotional dysregulation

Difficulty recognizing or accepting emotions, poor control over emotional intensity and duration,, and avoids emotional discomfort even if it blocks goals.”

Avoidant Personality Disorder

desires social relationships but avoids it for fear of rejection,Considered a more severe form of social anxiety disorder.

Dependent Personality Disorder

characterized by extremely passive and tends to cling to other people, unable to make decisions, or take independent action

Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder

preoccupation with perfectionism, control, and order, leading to rigidity and inflexibility.Sense of self and self-worth are in terms of productivity. has no true obsessions or compulsive rituals.

Schizophrenia

a mental disorder that affects thinking, perception, emotions, sense of self, behavior, and relationships.

Delusion

a strongly held false belief that isn’t based in reality or culture and doesn’t change with evidence.

Hallucination

a false perception not corresponding to the objective stimuli present in the environment.

Disorganized speech

language that is incoherent meaning incomprehensible

Reflects loosening of associations

a flow of thoughts that are vague, unfocused, and illogical

Neologisms

made up words.

Catatonia

marked psychomotor disturbances including decreased,excessive, or peculiar motor activity.

Paranoia

irrational belief or perception that others wish to cause you harm

Inappropriate affect

emotional expressiveness which fails to correspond to the content of what is being discussed.

Positive symptoms

additions or distortions of normal mental functions, such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and abnormal behavior.

Negative symptoms

involve functioning below normal level of behavior.

affective flattening:

restricted range of expressed emotions

alogia

inability to speak

avolition

lack of initiative or interest

anhedonia

inability to experience pleasure

asociality

inability to socialize, lack of interest in social engagement, inability to empathize.

Brief Psychotic Disorder

a diagnosis used when an individual develops symptoms of psychosis that do not persist past a short period of time

Must experience 1 of 4 symptoms

delusions, hallucinations,disorganized speech, and grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior for more than a day but recover in less than 1 month.

Schizophreniform disorder

a psychotic disorder like schizophrenia, but the symptoms last 1 to 6 months.”

Schizoaffective disorder

a condition where someone has schizophrenia symptoms along with a major mood episode (depression or mania)

Delusional disorders

disorders where the only symptom is delusions that have lasted for at least one month.

Erotomanic type

falsely believe another person is in love with them

Jealous type

types of delusional disorders in which they falsely believe their romantic partner is unfaithful.

Persecutory type

types of delusional disorders in which falsely believe someone is treating them in a malevolent manner.

Somatic type

types of delusional disorders in which falsely believe they have a medical condition. (Not

anxiety based.)

Neurodevelopment hypothesis for schizophrenia

theory proposing that schizophrenia is a disorder of development that arises during the years of or early adulthood due to alterations in the genetic control of brain maturation.

Prenatal period

viral infections, malnutrition, and exposure to toxins.

Primary treatment for schizophrenia

antipsychotic medication (neuroleptics)

atypical antipsychotics

affect body serotonin
-Risperdal

Typical Antipsychotics

Haldol and Thorazine

Extrapyramidal symptoms

motor disorders involving rigid muscles, tremors, shuffling movement, restlessness, and muscle spasms.

Tardive dyskinesia

involuntary movements of the mouth, arms and trunk of the body.

Neurocognitive disorder

an acquired decline in one or more areas of thinking (cognition), noticed by the person or others and confirmed by testing. used to be called dementia

Major neurocognitive disorders

disorders involving significant cognitive decline from a previous level of performance.

Mild neurocognitive disorder

involves modest cognitive decline from a previous level of performance. Does not interfere with everyday living.

Domains for cognitive disorders include:

attention, executive function, memory, language, perception/motor skills, and social understanding.

Delirium

a temporary neurocognitive disorder with sudden changes in attention and awareness that fluctuate over time.

Delirium diagnosis:

must show a rapid change in awareness or consciousness that happens over hours or days, fluctuates during the day, and is caused by a medical condition.Must specify if from a substance intoxication, substance withdrawal, a medication or other medical condition

Neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer’s disease

Neurocognitive disorder associated with progressive, gradual declines in memory,learning and at least 1 other cognitive domain

1907 Alois Alzheimer:

first documented case of “August D”, , 51-year-old woman with progressive brain atrophy and worsening symptoms over time, only definitively diagnosed after death.”

Pseudodementia

false dementia, a set of symptoms caused by depression that mimic those apparent in the early stages of AD.

Tramatic brain injury (TBI):

damage to the brain caused by exposure to trauma

ND due to TBI

brain symptoms after head injury that last beyond the initial recovery period.

Amnesia

inability to recall information that was previously learned or to register new information. Memory loss must persist over time.

6 Schizophrenia criteria

A: Symptoms (2 or more)

• Delusions

• Hallucinations

• Disorganized speech

• Disorganized behavior (psychomotor)

• Negative symptoms

B: Functioning

• Problems in work, school, or daily life

C: Duration

• At least 6 months

D: Rule-out mood disorders

• Not better explained by schizoaffective, bipolar, or depression

E: Not substance/medical

• Not caused by drugs or a medical condition

F: Autism/communication disorder rule

• If autism/communication disorder exists → must have prominent delusions or hallucinations for ≥ 1 monts

Paraphilia

literally meaning “abnormal attraction”

Paraphilic disorders

recurrent, intense sexual fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving non-consenting people, children, nonhuman objects, or suffering/humiliation.Must last for at least 6 months.

Essential feature of a paraphilic disorder

sexual arousal requires a specific object or situation, and the person becomes psychologically dependent on it.

Pedophilic Disorder

a paraphilic disorder in which an adult is sexually aroused by children or adolescents.

Exhibitionistic Disorder

Sexually aroused by exposing genitals to strangers

Voyeuristic Disorder

sexual arousal from watching other nude or engaging in sexual acts. this is the most common paraphilia

Fetishistic Disorder

sexual arousal depends on a specific object rather than a partner

Partialism

sexual arousal focused only on a specific body part other than the genitals.

Frotteuristic Disorder:

sexual arousal from rubbing up against or fondling an unsuspecting stranger

Sexual masochism disorder

deriving sexual pleasure from inflicting pain to one’s own body

Sexual sadism disorder

sexual arousal from inflicting pain onto others

Transvestic disorder

dressing in the clothes of the opposite gender. (must be malingering for diagnosis)

biological theories for paraphilic diorders

influenced by genetics, hormones, brain (especially temporal lobe), and sensory factors, often combined with early abuse experiences.”

surgical castration

intended to destroy the body’s production of testosterone through removal of the testes

chemical castration

medication that suppress the production of testosterone

Treatment for paraphilic disorders

Medications (like antidepressants and hormone-reducing drugs) lower sexual drive by affecting neurotransmitters and hormones. Therapy, especially CBT, helps change thoughts, improve empathy, and control impulses. The most _________ is a combination of medication and psychotherapy.

Psychological Perspective for paraphilic disorders

Freud’s psychoanalytic view.

-John Money: lovemaps view.

-“victim-to-abuser cycle” or “abused-abusers phenomenon” view.

Sexual Dysfunction

abnormality in an individual’s sexual responsiveness and reactions.must be psychological issue and not caused by any medication or illness

How are sexual dysfunctions classified?

By when they start and where they occur: L.A.G.S

• Lifelong = since becoming sexually active

• Acquired = develops later

• Generalized = happens in all situations

• Situational = happens only in certain situations or with certain partners

Masters & Johnson Sexual Response Cycle

4 phases:

Excitement (arousal)

Plateau

Orgasm

Resolution

Arousal disorders

when sexual disorders occur during the initial phases of the sexual response cycle, have low or no sexual desire or are unable to achieve physiological arousal.As a result, avoid having or been unable to have sexual intercourse

Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder

males have abnormally low levels of interest in sexual activity

Female sexual interest/arousal disorder

interested in having intercourse but her body does not physiologically respond during the

arousal phase.

Erectile disorder

male cannot attain or maintain an erection during sexual activity that is sufficient to allow him to initiate or maintain sexual activity.Most researched of all sexual dysfunction disorders.

What did “The Working Group for a New View of Women’s Sexual Problems” criticize about the DSM?

They argued the DSM does not account for women’s focus on relational aspects of sexuality and individual differences in sexual experiences.

Treatment for males suffering from sexual dysfunction:

Viagra, Levitra & Cialis: all work as phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors which increase blood flow to the penis during sexual

stimulation