CSD 120 Exam 3 Main Concepts - UW-Madison

Capital-D Deaf

cultural identity, not impairment

lowercase deaf

audiological status without cultural membership

Language deprivation

not hearing loss itself, causes developmental harm

Bimodal bilingualism

Using both a sign language and a spoken language

Stigma as the central barrier

Adults wait 9-10 years before seeking care

D/HH multilingual learners

Standardized tests are normed on monolingual hearing populations

Voice disorder

only a disorder when the individual perceives it as a problem affecting daily needs — not just when it sounds different to a clinician

Normative data gaps

Most acoustic norms (F0, jitter, shimmer, CPP) are based on White, English-speaking populations

Perceptual rating bias

SLPs rate voice severity differently based on their own language background

Occupational risk

Manufacturing (35%) and service (24%) industries have the highest voice disorder rates

Gender-affirming voice

Voice contributes to gender dysphoria in 79% of trans and gender nonconforming people

ASL as a language

ASL has full phonology (handshape, location, movement, palm orientation), morphology (noun-verb pairs, number incorporation), syntax (topic-comment, OSV), and discourse structure

1880 Milan Conference

voted to ban sign languages worldwide

The Babbidge Report (1968)

officially declared the oralism-only approach a dismal failure

Audism

Prejudice and discrimination based on hearing ability

Linguicism

unequal power between signed and spoken languages

Deaf gain

Reframes deafness as adding something to human diversity rather than subtracting hearing

Black ASL (BASL)

a linguistically distinct variety shaped by historical school segregation — with unique features and cultural significance

Contact signing

blends ASL and English structures situationally

EHDI and bias

Early Hearing Detection programs filter through medical personnel who often favor auditory-verbal therapy

Autism spectrum disorder

diagnosis is culturally shaped; difference ≠ disorder

Disparities in ASD diagnosis

White children are diagnosed ~1.5 years earlier on average

Why ASD symptoms look different

Eye contact norms vary by culture. Hand-flapping and rocking are not observed in some African children with ASD. Pretend play rates differ across cultures

Neurodiversity model

Neurological differences are natural variation, not defects.

Judy Singer (1998)

Coined the term neurodiversity.

The ABCs framework

Affect (fear, shame, anxiety), Behaviors (disfluencies, secondary behaviors), Cognitions (beliefs, avoidance strategies).

Parallel impairment

Both languages equally affected.

Differential impairment

Same aphasia type, different severity.

Differential aphasia

Different symptoms per language.

Differential recovery

One language recovers faster.

Pre-stroke proficiency

This is the strongest predictor of post-stroke language outcomes.

Cross-language generalization

Treating one language sometimes improves the other.

Medical model

Frames disability as something to fix.

Social model

Frames barriers as the problem, not the person.

Intersectionality

Race, SES, gender, language, and immigration status compound each other.

ADOS assessment bias

Heavily weights eye contact and index-finger pointing — behaviors considered impolite in Chinese culture.

M-CHAT assessment bias

Shows high false positive rates in lower-SES and ethnically diverse settings.

Black families' causal beliefs for ASD

More likely to attribute ASD to diet/contamination.

Asian families' causal beliefs for ASD

May view disability as spiritual punishment.

Latine families' causal beliefs for ASD

May see it as a blessing or as caused by maternal trauma during pregnancy.

Somali communities' view of ASD

Often call it a "western disease."

Bilingualism and ASD research

Research consistently shows no negative effect of bilingualism on language outcomes in ASD.

Stuttering core behaviors

Repetitions, prolongations, blocks — are consistent across languages.

Bilingual aphasia recovery patterns

None of these patterns is reliably predicted by lesion site, native language, or language dominance alone.

Language selection in bilinguals

Requires inhibition of the non-target language.

Difference vs. disorder

Does this communication behavior represent a culturally typical pattern or a genuine impairment?

Structural barriers

BIPOC individuals face delayed diagnosis, lower rates of intervention, and worse outcomes across every disorder covered.