BSC2011C Exam 4 Study Guide

What determines body plan?

Hox genes

What do hox genes do?

They can turn genes on and off

What two clades do not have hox genes?

Ctenophora and Porifera

Whats the difference between diploblastic and triploblastic animals?

Diploblasts only have two germ layers, while triploblasts have three (mesoderm). Only bilaterally symmetric animals are triploblastic

Which clades posses an asymmetrical body plan?

Porifera and Placazoa

Which clades posses a radial body plan?

Cnidarians and Ctenophores

What is a coelom?

A body cavity derived from mesoderm tissue. This means that only triploblasts can have coeloms, but its not gauranteed

What do we call triploblasts that:

have NO coelom

have a coelom made of mesoderm

have a coelom made of mesoderm and endoderm

Acoelomates

Eucolomates

Psuedocoelomates

Protostomes vs Deuterostomes

Porotostomes- Mouth forms first

Deuterostomes- Anus forms first

Exoskeleton vs Endoskeleton

Exoskeletons are a hard covering or shell (bugs)

Endoskeletons are internal skeletons (humans)

Endothermic vs Ectothermic

Endotherms use metabolism to maintain body temperature; warm-blooded animals (humans)

Ectotherms use the environment to maintain body temperature; cold-blooded animals (alligators)

Homeothermic vs Poikilothermic

Poikilotherms have fluctuating body temperature depending on their environment. Homeotherms do not.

What are the two types of torpor (decreased activity and metabolism)?

Hibernation in the winter, and estivation in the summer.

True or false: All animals reproduce sexually only, none can produce asexually

False

When is asexual reproduction favored?

In stable/predictable environments

When is sexual reproduction favored?

In unstable/unpredictable environments

What are the 4 types of asexual reproduction?

Binary Fission (good ol' mitosis)

Budding (outgrowth that eventually seperates)

Fragmentation (adult body part breaks off and regenrates

Parthenogenesis (females fuse two eggs together)

What are the 3 types of sexual reproduction?

Monoecious (Hermaphrodite that self fertilizes)

Internal Fertilization (sperm deposited into female)

External Fertilization (sperm and eggs released into water)

What determines sex in birds?

Chromosomes Z and W.

ZZ= Male

ZW= Female

What are the 3 sex determinations that dont involve chromosomes?

Temperature dependent (Cool=male)

Haplodiploid (Haploid=male)

Sex changes over time (Protogyny=female first, Protandry=male first)

Viviparous vs. Oviparous vs. Ovoviviparous

Viviparous- Live birth (egg sac)

Oviparous- Laid egg

Ovoviviparous- Egg hatches in parent, then born alive

spermatogenesis vs oogenesis

Spermatogenesis creates 4 sperm cells in testes

Oogenesis created 3 eggs but ONLY 1 WORKING EGG in ovaries

What makes invertebrates different from vertebrates?

Lack a backbone and cranium

Are Porifera diploblastic or triploblastic?

Neither, since they lack true tissue. They instead have a spongocoel

Do Porifera have a coelom?

No, acoelomate

What is the body plan of a Porifera?

Asymmetrical without cephalization

How do Porifera digest food?

Intracellularly, they intake water through their skin and pump it out.

How do Porifera reproduce?

both sexually and asexually.

Are Porifera protostomes or deuterostomes?

Neither

Are Cnidarians diploblastic or triploblastic?

Diploblastic

Do Cnidarians have coeloms?

No, acoelomate

What is the body plan of a Cnidarian?

Radial without cephalization

How do Cnidarians digest food?

extracellular gastrovascular cavity, and one opening that is a mouth and anus.

How do Cnidarians reproduce?

both sexually and asexually

Are Cnidarians protostomes or deuterostomes?

Neither, since they aren't bilaterians

Are Platyhelminthes diploblastic or triploblastic?

triploblastic

Do Platyhelminthes have a coelom?

No, acoelomate

what is the body plan of Platyhelminthes?

bilateral with cephalization

How do Platyhelminthes digest food?

Ingested food absorbed into gut, then waste released through pores

How do Platyhelminthes reproduce?

sexually and asexually

Are Platyhelminthes protostomes or deuterostomes?

protostomes

Are Mollusca diploblastic or triploblastic?

triploblastic

Do Mollusca have a coelom?

Yes, eucolomate

what is the body plan of Mollusca?

Bilateral with cephalization

How do Mollusca digest food?

Complete system; in through the mouth, out through anus.

How do Mollusca reproduce?

Sexual reproduction

Are Mollusca protostomes or deuterostomes?

protostomes

Are Annelida diploblastic or triploblastic?

triploblastic

Do Annelida have a coelom?

Yes, eucoelomates

what is the body plan of Annelida?

Bilateral with minimal cephalization

How do Annelida digest food?

In through mouth, out through anus

How do Annelida reproduce?

sexually

Are Annelida protostomes or deuterostomes?

protostomes

Are Nematoda diploblastic or triploblastic?

triploblastic

Do Nematoda have a coelom?

yes, pseudocoelomate

what is the body plan of Nematoda?

Bilateral with minimal cephalization

How do Nematoda digest food?

Complete; in through mouth, out through anus.

How do Nematoda reproduce?

sexually

Are Nematoda protostomes or deuterostomes?

protostomes

Are Arthropoda diploblastic or triploblastic?

triploblastic

Do Arthropoda have a coelom?

Yes, eucoelomates

what is the body plan of Arthropoda?

Bilateral with cephalization

How do Arthropoda digest food?

In through the mouth. out through anus

How do Arthropoda reproduce?

Sexually

Are Arthropoda protostomes or deuterostomes?

protostomes

Are Echinodermata diploblastic or triploblastic?

triploblastic

Do Echinodermata have a coelom?

Yes, eucoelomates

what is the body plan of Echinodermata?

bilateral as larvae, Radial as adults.

How do Echinodermata digest food?

In through the mouth, out through the anus.

How do Echinodermata reproduce?

Sexually and asexually

Are Echinodermata protostomes or deuterostomes?

Deuterostomes

What seperates vertebrates from invertebrates?

Triploblastic, eucoelomates, deuterostomes, bilateral.

What are the five defining characteristics of all chordates?

Notochord- precursor to spine

Hollow dorsal nerve cord-precursor to brain and spinal cord

Pharyngeal slits- opening to pharynx

Post-anal tail- tail that extends beyond anus

Endostyle/Thyroid gland- mucus producing tissue on the floor of the pharynx

What two chordate clades are invertebrates?

Cephalochordata (lancelets)

Urochordata (sea squirts)

Agnathostomes vs Gnathostomes

Agnasthostomes have no jaw, while gnathostomes do.

When considering fish, are agnathostomes or gnathostomes older?

Agnathostomes (jawless fish). They evolved ~550 mya

What are some characteristics of jawless fish?

Hinged jaw

Paired lateral fins

Scales

Internal ossification

Cranium

What are the two classes of fish gnathastomes?

Chondrchthyes (sharks)

Osteichthyes (Bony, jawed, fish)

What are some general characteristcs of Chondrichthyes?

Carnivorous (some filter feeders)

abrasive skin

wide, but not tall

unequally sized fins

How do Chondrichthyes reproduce?

Sexual reproduction with internal fertilization

can either be viviparous, oviparous, or ovoviviparous

What are some general characteristics of Osteichthyes?

Covered in scales

Tall, but not wide

Equally sized fins

How do Osteichthyes reproduce?

Sexual with external fertilization

What makes amphibians unique?

They have both terrestrial and aquatic life stages

What is the life cycle of an amphibian?

Larval stage, metamorphosis, then adult stage

What are some general characteristics of amphibians?

Carnivorous ectotherms. They absorb water through their skin. They were the first vertebrate terapods.

How do amphibians reproduce?

Sexual with external fertilization.

What novel adaptation did reptiles gain?

Amniotic egg

How do reptiles reproduce?

Sexual with internal fertilization

What are some general characteristics of reptiles?

Ectotherms. They have scaly, waxy skin to prevent water loss.

What novel trait did birds gain

Feathers

What adaptations did birds gain to be able to fly?

Wings, feathers, low body weight (low density bones & no bladder)

What are some general characteristics of birds?

Endothermic, well developed brain eyesight and communication

How do birds reproduce?

Sexual with internal fertilization

What two novel adaptations did mammals gain?

Hair and mammry glands (milk production)

What are some general characteristics of mammals?

Endotehrms that have well developed brains. They have secretory skin and jaw muscles for added jaw movement.

What are the three major mammal groups? (they are all related to pregnancy and gestation)

Monotremes- lay eggs (platypus)

Marsupials- born fetal and complete development in pouch (kangaroos)

Placentals- placenta connects fetus to mother, mother nurses young (horses)

What makes animals different from other taxa?

Motile

Complex tissue structure

Diplontic life cycle

Embryonic developmental stages

What are the three major body plans, and how do they work?

Asymmetrical- No line of symmetry

Ex. Sponges

Bilateral- Single line of symmetry

Ex. All animals

Radial- Multiple lines of symmetry

Ex. Sea stars

What phase of the diplontic life cycle is multicellular? Which is unicellular?

Diploid phase is multicellular

Haploid phase is unicellular

What are the five clades of the animal kingdom?

Porifera- Sponges

Placazoa- Parasitic Amoeba

Ctenophores- Comb Jellies

Cnidarians- Jellyfish

Bilateria- Everything Else