SEEDS

Ovule

The structure that develops into a seed after fertilization.

Hilum

The small, white scar on a seed marking the attachment point of the ovule to the ovary wall.

Micropyle

A tiny pore located next to the hilum of a seed.

Cotyledons

The two halves of a seed that serve as food-storage organs and "seed leaves" for the seedling.

Embryo

The developing plant within the seed, consisting of cotyledons and a tiny plantlet.

Plumule

The embryo shoot that will develop into the stem and leaves of the plant.

Epicotyl

The short part of the stem above the cotyledons in an embryo.

Hypocotyl

The part of the stem below the attachment point of the cotyledons in an embryo.

Radicle

The tip of the embryo that will develop into the root.

Fertilization

The process of fusion between male and female gametes to form a zygote.

Zygote

The fertilized ovule that divides and develops into an embryo.

Monocotyledons

Seeds that have a single cotyledon, e.g., rice and maize.

Dicotyledons

Seeds that have two cotyledons, e.g., peas and beans.

Seed Dispersal

The mechanisms by which seeds are spread away from the parent plant to reduce competition.

Anemochory

Wind dispersal of seeds, utilizing adaptations like samaras and plumes.

Zoochory

Animal dispersal of seeds through ingestion or adhesion.

Hydrochory

Water dispersal of seeds, allowing them to travel via water bodies.

Ballochory

Dispersal mechanism where seeds are actively or passively ejected from the plant.

Anthropochory

Human-mediated dispersal of seeds and fruits, both intentionally and unintentionally.

Germination

The process by which a seed begins to grow, requiring viability and overcoming dormancy.

Dormancy

A state of suspended development in seeds, preventing germination until conditions are favorable.

Scarification

A mechanical method to break seed dormancy by damaging the seed coat.

After-Ripening

A period of further development required by some seeds after being released from the fruit.

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants convert sunlight into energy, fueling growth.

Economic Importance

The value of ecosystems in generating income and providing benefits for human welfare.

Ecological Importance

The relationships between ecosystems and economic systems, addressing pressing environmental issues.