DH209 Medicine Quiz Set: Key Terms & Definitions 1-6

Which is NOT a macronutrient?

vitamins

Which nutrient is the most important?

water

Which is NOT commonly associated with bariatric surgery?

a shorter life span

Which is NOT true of the acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDRs)?

AMDRs were established to ensure sufficient intakes of the micronutrients.

Magnesium is NOT a principal nutrient in which food group?

Fruit

Which is NOT a characteristic or function of lipids?

Are hydrophilic.

Each exemplifies glycosidic bonding reactions, except one. Which is the exception?

When fructose and sucrose combine, glucose is formed.

Antioxidants like vitamins C and E are added to unsaturated fats because antioxidants prevent rancidity associated with the oxidation during preparation of vegetable oils and margarines.

Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.

A biomolecule is a substance required by the body that must be supplied by an outside source. During metabolism, energy can be extracted from dietary carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids and can be used to create biomolecules required for life.

The first statement is false; the second is true.

Which function has the least priority for protein?

Energy storage

Saturated fatty acids are alkenes that contain one or more C=C (double) bond. Unsaturated fatty acids, contain only one C=C bond.

Both statements are false.

In general, a condensation reaction creates a new molecule by:

forming a bond between two smaller molecules.

Each is true of genetically modified (GM) foods, except one. Which is the exception?

Newly created GM foods are subject to FDA regulations.

Protein and fat are considered cariogenic because consumption of foods with these two nutrients following a fermentable carbohydrate may decrease pH.

Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Which has the least effect on cariogenicity?

Quantity of fermentable carbohydrate

Cariogenic snacks before bedtime are advised if they are within 2 hours of a meal because salivary flow is reduced when sleeping and clearance of plaque acids is limited.

The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.

Each group represents situations presenting high caries risk, except one. Which is the exception?

Vegans

Salivary flow is stimulated the most by foods rich in:

fiber

Demineralization of enamel occurs when the critical pH of 5.5 is reached. In interproximal areas or in deep pits and fissures, the pH can decrease to 5 and remain at that pH for 30 minutes.

The first statement is true; the second is false.

Increasing low-fat milk intake as a saliva substitute can offer protection against caries for patients experiencing xerostomia because physical properties of milk are comparable to saliva.

Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.

Each is a portion of the alimentary canal, except one. Which is the exception?

Larynx

Each is a function of saliva, except one. Which is the exception?

Saliva extracts calcium and phosphate from demineralized tooth surfaces.

Hydrolysis of a starch begins with which enzyme?

Salivary amylase

The accessory organs include the large and small intestines. The role of accessory organs is to store foodstuffs during the digestive process.

Both statements are false.

The lower esophageal sphincter is a bony structure located within the stomach. It relaxes to permit food to move within the stomach on its way to the intestines.

Both statements are false.

Which monosaccharide is the most sweet?

fructose

Complex carbohydrates contain more than 10 monosaccharides. Complex carbohydrates are also called disaccharides.

The first statement is true; the second is false.

If a patient complains of diarrhea, which carbohydrate is most likely to be the culprit?

Sorbitol

Each statement is true of sugar alcohols, except one. Which is the exception?

Lactitol is twice as sweet as sucrose.

Soluble dietary fiber delays gastric emptying because their gel-forming ability increases the viscosity of chyme.

Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.

For individuals with diabetes, a blood glucose level before meals that is greater than 130 mg/dL is considered hypoglycemic. A blood glucose level that is less than 70 mg/dL is hyperglycemia.

Both statements are false.

Tissue building, maintenance, and repair are physiologic roles of proteins and carbohydrates because both nutrients provide essential amino acids necessary for these functions.

Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Indispensable amino acids are essential for the body but are not required in the diet. Dispensable amino acids are not essential for the body but contribute to protein formation in various ways.

Both statements are false.

Each statement regarding protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is true, except one. Which is the exception?

PEM during prenatal and postnatal stages can be reversed through proper nutrition during early childhood.

The physiologic role of proteins does NOT include:

providing the primary source of energy.

Which group is least susceptible to insufficient intake of protein?

Adults participating in endurance exercise

Which is NOT recommended for a patient who wishes to lose weight and eat a more healthy diet?

Use meat substitutes to reduce dietary sodium.

An edentulous patient dislikes eating meat. What substitutions could the dental hygienist suggest to provide the most protein intake?

Milk

Each is true of polysaccharides, except one. Which is the exception?

Cooking decreases the digestive process of some polysaccharides.

Each is true of microflora within the colon, except one. Which is the exception?

Approximately 50 different species of microorganisms compose the microflora.

Which fatty acid has the most hydrogen atoms?

saturated

Which is NOT a component of a lipoprotein?

Linoleic acid

Each is a true of cholesterol, except one. Which is the exception?

It has a complex hexagonal structure.

Which has the most satiety value?

Fat

For adults of all ages, one to two alcoholic drinks daily results in the lowest mortality rate because moderate alcohol consumption provides protective effects on the cardiovascular system.

Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Which fat is the most saturated?

Palm or coconut oil

Symptoms of hypoglycemia do NOT include:

flushed color.

Metabolic rate is lowest:

after a few hours of sleep.

During which period of life is the basal metabolic rate (BMR) the highest?

Birth through 2 years of age

Each is a symptom of type 1 diabetes mellitus, except one. Which is the exception?

Weight gain

Each is true of type 2 diabetes, except one. Which is the exception?

Inadequate insulin is a major cause.

Each is true of vitamin requirements and deficiencies, except one. Which is the exception?

Although nutrients rely on each other for utilization, they are not considered codependent.

Each is a fat-soluble vitamin, except one. Which is the exception?

Vitamin C

Vitamin A can be stored in the liver for at least:

1 year

Fat-soluble vitamins are fairly stable when heated, as in cooking. In contrast to water-soluble vitamins, fat-soluble vitamins contain nitrogen.

The first statement is true; the second is false.

Each is true of water-soluble vitamins, except one. Which is the exception?

They have vital roles as enzymes.

Each is true of vitamin D, except one. Which is the exception?

Diets low in fiber can result in less vitamin D absorption.

Which is NOT true of energy expenditure as it relates to control of weight?

Weight loss from a specific energy deficit is usually predictable.

Each is characteristic of fat, except one. Which is the exception?

Hard fats are digested more quickly than soft fats that are liquid at body temperature.

During times of low caloric intake, high-protein diets successfully build muscle mass because this type of diet utilizes the amino acid metabolic pool to stimulate anabolism of muscle.

Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Fungiform papillae are pale pink because they are covered in with keratinized mucosa and have a rich blood supply.

The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.

Systemic disease often manifests in the oral cavity first. Disease within the oral cavity can cause systemic complications

Both statements are true.

The most common vitamin deficiency among the B-complex vitamin is usually due to low intake of:

Folate

Vitamin B12 is associated with which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

- Excessive amounts are bound to protein and stored in the liver for 3 to 4 years.

-It functions as a coenzyme in folate metabolism in DNA synthesis.

-It is essential to the formation and regeneration of red blood cells.

-After gastric surgery, vitamin B12 levels are of concern.

Rich sources of folate include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Legumes

Green leafy vegetables

Fortified cereals and grain products

Grapefruit and oranges

A vitamin megadose is a misnomer because at these levels, the vitamin is functioning as a drug rather than a nutrient.

Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.

Conditions such as burns and growth spurts lead to additional riboflavin requirements because this nutrient acts as a coenzyme in the syntheses of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.

Which condition is least likely to be caused by a deficiency of riboflavin?

Bilateral cheilosis

Large, mushroom-shaped structures forming a “V” shape on dorsal surface of tongue

circumvallate fungiform papillae

Oral contraceptives may reduce maternal levels during pregnancy and lactation

Vitamin B6

Increased incidence of dental caries and susceptibility to oral infections

xerostomia

Associated with malnourished alcoholics

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Capable of inducing an immune response with specific antibodies

antigenic

The only vitamin that contains a mineral

Cobalamin

Niacin deficiency

Pellagra

Smooth, threadlike structures on the dorsal surface of the tongue

filiform papillae

The “morale vitamin”

thiamin

Cracks in epithelium around the corners of the mouth

angular cheilosis

Common nutritional deficiency after bariatric surgery

folate

Changes in taste acuity are associated with the loss of which papilla?

Foliate and fungiform

The approximately 75% to 80% of sodium that is consumed from processed foods can be reduced by using sea salt because the natural ingredients of sea salt provide more flavor, less sodium, and more minerals than table salt do.

Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Water losses result in increased kidney output because increased kidney function stimulates thirst and encourages fluid intake.

Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

The RDA for iron is higher in premenopausal women than for men or postmenopausal women because of the blood loss during menstruation.

Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.

A person with a large amount of fat has a higher percentage of total body water than average because adipose tissue absorbs and retains water.

Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Equalization of solute concentration of intracellular fluids (ICFs) and extracellular fluids (ECFs) is accomplished by:

osmotic pressure.

Each is a classic sign of fluid volume deficit (FVD) except one. Which one is the exception?

Pale urine

Calcium and magnesium are among the nutrients added to sports drinks to restore fluid balance during exercise because these minerals are not readily available in a well-balanced diet.

The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.

Excess water is eliminated by the kidneys because antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion is increased when osmoreceptors detect excess water.

The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.

Which ingredient(s) found in tea is(are) considered beneficial to health?

Polyphenols

Which is true regarding zinc? (Select all that apply.)

- Zinc deficiency is associated with increased susceptibility to periodontal disease.

- Flattened filiform papillae are manifestations of zinc deficiency.

- Zinc performs functions in cell growth and replication, sexual maturation, night vision, and appetite.

The factor that is least predictive of a healthy pregnancy is:

birth weight less than 5 lbs.

Each is true of prematernal and postmaternal weight, except one. Which is the exception?

The risk of spontaneous preterm birth decreases in underweight women.

Pregnancy gingivitis usually becomes apparent in the:

second month.

Iron supplements are NOT typically associated with:

congenital hypothyroidism.

Each is true of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal alcohol syndrome disorder, except one. Which is the exception?

At birth, an infant with FAS has a head circumference that is larger than normal.

Infant birth weights are most affected by nutrient intake during which gestational time period? (Select all that apply.)

2nd & 3rd trimester

Each is true of human breast milk, except one. Which is the exception?

It is low in cholesterol.

Children given artificial infant milk formula:

weigh more than breast-fed infants.

Each is true of iron requirements, except one. Which is the exception?

Preterm infants should receive iron supplements after 6 months.

Infants born with a cleft palate are at a greater risk for health problems and fatality. While holding the infant in the sitting position during feeding may be easier, it results in nasal regurgitation.

Both statements are false.