Terms U5-6: 1750-1900 APWHM

Declaration of Independence

A document announcing the separation of the 13 colonies from Britain and declaring their natural rights.

Creoles

A person of European descent born in the Americas (particularly Latin America) during the colonial period

Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos

Mexican Catholic priests who led the early stages of the Mexican War of Independence against Spanish rule in 1810-1821

Simon Bolivar

A creole revolutionary leader who was known as “El Libertador” for playing a key role in the independence movements of several Latin American countries from Spanish rule.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

A foundational document of the French Revolution that defined individual and collective rights as universal. Highly influenced by enlightenment ideals and the American Constitution

Olympe de Gouges

A French playwright who was a feminist political activist. She wrote “The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen” in 1791, which challenged the male-centric revolutionary discourse and stated that women are born equal to men.

Napoleon Bonaparte

A French military leader and emperor who rose to power during the French Revolution for conquering mass amounts of Europe, developing military strategies, and establishing the Napoleonic Code.

Toussaint Louverture

A former slave who became prominent leader of the Haitian Revolution, successfully liberating the French colony of Saint-Domingue.

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

Haiti’s first head of state; permanently abolished slavery, led first free Black republic; created a common identity/overcame colonial racial divisions

“Independence debt” (see pg. 781)

1825 agreement between Haiti/France; demand of payments in exchange for recognizing Haiti’s independence

Seneca Falls

where the first organized expression of new feminism took place; marked beginning of new feminist movement, spread of ideas on a global scale; women gathered to discuss equality, gender roles, suffrage

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Radical, feminist American writer/activist/strategist; organized the Seneca Falls Convention; co-authored the Declaration of Sentiments, demanded equal rights and women’s suffrage

National American Woman Suffrage Association

US organization advocating for women’s voting rights; merged suffrage groups, promoted civic engagement; role in ratification of the 19th amendment (suffrage)

Kartini (vignette pg. 808)

Javanese women (aristocratic family); experience the intersection of Javanese/Dutch culture, result of colonization; introduced to freedom of European thinking, Enlightenment values; emancipation from oppression

Huda Sharawi

founder of Egyptian Feminist Union; act of defiance, taking off veil in public; inspired women to challenge traditional seclusion

Steam Engine

provided reliable power for factories, mines, transportation through coal-fired heat; mass production, local trade; facilitated transition from agrarian to industrial society, modern industry

Second Industrial Revolution

rapid technological advancement, mass production; economic growth through steel, chemicals, electricity, communications

Middle Class

social group between working class/elite; factory managers, bankers, professionals, merchants; valued education, consumerism, stability; demanded political rights

Robert Owen

founded utopian socialism/cooperative movement; sought to improve worker’s rights during Industrial Revolution; industrialist/socialist

Karl Marx

German philosopher, socialist; developed socialism/communism, focused on class struggle; engaged in political movements to global politics/economy

Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party

merging of various Marxist groups under Tsarist repression; overthrew autocracy, established a socialist state; led the Russian proletariat

The Crimean War (1854-1856)

A violent conflict between the Ottoman empire and the Russian empire, Russia invaded Crimea in hopes to gain naval bases. The allied Alliance of Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia won against Russia in the Treaty of Paris.

Caudillos

Military landed strongmen who dominated Latin American politics, specifically following the nation's independence.

Mexican Revolution of 1910

severance of armed regional conflicts; caused by dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, social inequality, land concentration, worker exploitation, political stagnation; demands for democracy, land reform, labor rights; rebellion against ruling class/foreign influence; true revolution took many years to materialize

King Leopold of Belgium

King Leopold of Belgium imperialized the Congo in hopes to gain natural resources, but this imperialization masked the idea of the civilizing mission.

Taiping Uprising

civil war in Qing China led by Christian convert Hong Xiuquan (believed he was Jesus’ brother); occurred due to poverty, taxes, famine, foreign intrusion; ultimately weakened Qing dynasty, accelerated “Century of Humiliation” allowing foreign powers to gain influence

Opium Wars

A trade imbalance between Britain and Qing Dynasty

Self-Strengthening

Modernize China utilizing western technologies, but remaining loyal to traditional Chinese ideologies and customs.

Boxer Uprising

An uprising against foreign forces of China which was marked by a wave of Christianity within the region. The uprising intended to drive out all foregin influences from Qing China, specifically those from Western regions and Japan.

Hundred Days of Reform

Reform led by Guangxu Emporer, it aimed to modernize China’s political, education, and military systems in a manner similarily to the west.