Chemistry Lecture Review Flashcards

A set of 100 flashcards covering general chemistry, atomic theory, bonding, acids and bases, and redox reactions based on the provided lecture transcript.

What is the composition of an ozone molecule ($O_3$)?

Three oxygen atoms

In which layer of the atmosphere is the ozone layer located?

Stratosphere

What type of radiation does the ozone layer absorb to protect living organisms?

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation

What chemical substances are primarily responsible for the thinning of the ozone layer?

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

How many ozone molecules can be produced from $18$ oxygen atoms?

$6$ molecules ($18 / 3 = 6$)

Who was the scientist who studied the ozone layer and established its normal amount?

Gordon Dobson

What is the approximate natural measurement of ozone in the atmosphere in Dobson Units?

$$300\,DU$$

How is the study of CFCs and ozone without evidence classified?

Theoretical research

Which of the following is not classified as matter: Water, Air, Heat, or Soil?

Heat

Which property is a measure of the amount of matter regardless of the effect of Earth’s gravity?

Mass

Which state of matter has particles that are tightly packed and cannot be compressed?

Solid

Which state of matter has no definite shape or volume and expands to fill its container?

Gas

Is the formation of rust classified as a physical property or a chemical property?

Chemical property

Is the boiling of water a physical change or a chemical change?

Physical change

What two factors control the change of state of matter from one physical state to another?

Pressure and Temperature

What is the temperature called at which vapor pressure equals outside atmospheric pressure?

Boiling point

The process represented by $I_2(s) \rightarrow I_2(g)$ is known as what?

Sublimation

What type of process absorbs heat from its surroundings?

Endothermic process

What unique substance expands in volume when it transitions from liquid to solid?

$$H_2O$$

What phase transition is the opposite of sublimation?

Deposition

Why is freezing considered an exothermic process?

Because heat is released to the surroundings

Is chlorine gas ($Cl_2$) classified as an element or a compound?

Element

Is table salt ($NaCl$) classified as an element or a compound?

Compound

Which law is represented by the fixed mass ratio of sodium to chlorine in table salt?

Law of definite proportions

Which law is illustrated by the comparison of oxygen mass ratios in $H_2O$ and $H_2O_2$?

Law of multiple proportions

If $20\,g$ of substance A reacts to produce $30\,g$ of substance AY, what is the mass of reactant Y?

$$10\,g$$

How many periods and groups are found in the modern periodic table?

$7$ periods and $18$ groups

What is the specific name for elements located in Group 1 of the periodic table?

Alkali metals

Which element in Group 1 is the only non-metal?

Hydrogen ($H$)

To which group of metals does Magnesium ($Mg$) belong?

Alkaline earth metals

What are the elements in Groups 3 through 12 called?

Transition metals

What is the specific name for the elements in Group 17?

Halogens

Which group in the periodic table consists entirely of gases?

Group 18 (Noble Gases)

Which type of chemical reaction combines two or more substances to produce one single substance?

Synthesis Reaction

What is the byproduct of the combustion reaction between methane ($CH_4$) and oxygen ($O_2$)?

$CO_2$ and $H_2O$

What reaction type is represented by $AX + BY \rightarrow AY + BX$?

Double Replacement Reaction

Which philosopher believed that nature abhors a vacuum and there is no empty space?

Aristotle

Which researcher is credited with the discovery of the electron?

J. J. Thomson

What is the name of the atomic model that views the atom as a ball of positive and negative charges?

Plum pudding model

Niels Bohr studied the energy levels and wavelengths of which specific atom?

Hydrogen

Where is most of the mass of an atom located?

In the nucleus

If an oxygen atom has $8$ protons and $8$ neutrons, what is its mass number?

$$16$$

Which subatomic particle has no charge and is located in the nucleus?

Neutron

Which quantum number determines the atomic energy levels?

Principal quantum number ($n$)

How many total electrons can a d-orbital hold?

$10$ electrons

What is the maximum number of electrons the first energy level can hold?

$2$ electrons

The third energy level can hold a maximum of how many electrons?

$18$ electrons

Which specific energy level, such as 3F, does not exist in an atom?

$$3F$$

What is the electron configuration of Neon ($Ne$) with atomic number $10$?

$$1s^2 2s^2 2p^6$$

What is the noble gas electron configuration for Calcium ($20Ca$)?

$$[Ar]4s^2$$

What is the exceptional noble gas configuration for Copper ($29Cu$)?

$$[Ar]4s^1 3d^{10}$$

What is the exceptional noble gas configuration for Chromium ($24Cr$)?

$$[Ar]4s^1 3d^5$$

Elements that end their electron configuration in the f-block are known as what?

Inner transition elements

The p-block extends from which groups in the periodic table?

Group 13 to Group 18

How does the atomic radius change as you move down a group in the periodic table?

The atomic radius increases

Which halogen has the smallest atomic radius?

Fluorine ($9F$)

What is the term for the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom?

Ionization energy

Which element has the highest electronegativity?

Fluorine ($F$)

Why do Noble Gases have zero electronegativity?

They are stable and do not easily form bonds

What are the shapes of the p-orbitals ($p_x, p_y, p_z$)?

Dumbbell shaped

How many sub-orbitals are contained in a d-orbital?

$$5$$

Which principle states that electrons fill orbitals in order of increasing energy?

Aufbau principle

Between the 3d and 4s orbitals, which one has the lower energy?

$$4s$$

How many valence electrons are present in a Nitrogen ($7N$) atom?

$$5$$

What happens to an atom when it becomes a positively charged ion?

It loses electrons

How many electrons are in a potassium ion ($19K^+$)?

$$18$$

What type of bond is formed by the electrostatic attraction between opposite charges?

Ionic bond

What is the chemical formula for Aluminum chloride?

$$AlCl_3$$

What is the name of the ionic compound with the formula $Al_2O_3$?

Aluminum oxide

What is the name of the polyatomic ion $ClO_3^-$?

Chlorate

What term describes the 3-dimensional pattern of ions in an ionic compound?

Crystal lattice

Why do ionic compounds typically have high melting and boiling points?

Because they have strong ionic bonds

What type of bond forms when atoms share electrons?

Covalent bond

What is the correct molecular formula for Nitrogen Trihydride?

$$NH_3$$

The compound $SF_6$ is known by what name?

Sulfur hexafluoride

How many sigma ($\sigma$) and pi ($\pi$) bonds are in an Ethyne ($C_2H_2$) molecule?

$3$ sigma and $2$ pi bonds

What type of bond exists if the electronegativity difference between two atoms is zero?

Nonpolar covalent bond

Are oils soluble in water?

No (Oils are nonpolar and water is polar)

Which intermolecular force is generally considered the weakest?

London dispersion forces

What are the attraction forces between opposite partial charges in polar molecules called?

Dipole-dipole forces

What is the strongest type of intermolecular force found between water molecules?

Hydrogen bonds

Explain the metallic bond using the common model name.

A sea of electrons surrounding metal cations

What is the 'triple point' in a phase diagram?

The temperature and pressure where solid, liquid, and gas phases coexist in equilibrium

What type of hybridization results in a linear shape and a $180^{\circ}$ bond angle?

$sp$ hybridization

What is the hybridization and geometric shape of a Methane ($CH_4$) molecule?

$sp^3$ hybridization and Tetrahedral shape

What is the bond angle of a water ($H_2O$) molecule?

Approximately $104.5^{\circ}$

What color change do acids cause in litmus paper?

Blue litmus paper turns red

According to Arrhenius, what does a base produce in an aqueous solution?

Hydroxide ions ($OH^-$)

In the Brønsted-Lowry theory, what is an acid defined as?

A hydrogen ion ($H^+$) donor

What is a substance called that can behave as both an acid and a base?

Amphoteric

What is the conjugate acid of the base $HCO_3^-$?

$$H_2CO_3$$

Which theory defines an acid as a substance that accepts a pair of electrons?

Lewis theory

What is the value of the water ionization constant ($K_w$) at $25^{\circ} C$?

$$1 \times 10^{-14}$$

What is the pH of pure (distilled) water?

$$7$$

What is the pH range for acid rain?

pH lower than $5.6$

What occurs at the equivalence point of a titration?

The number of moles of $H^+$ equals the number of moles of $OH^-$

What is a buffer solution?

A solution that resists changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added

What happens to a reducing agent during a redox reaction?

It loses electrons and gets oxidized

What is the oxidation number of oxygen in hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$)?

$$-1$$

What process involves coating a metal with a layer of zinc to prevent corrosion?

Galvanizing