Neuroanatomy 1 Exam 3, Part 1- Torgerud(Palmer)

What portion of the mesencephalon has 2 pairs of bumps?

Tectum

What is the name of the superior bumps of the tectum?

Superior Colliculi

What is the name of the inferior bumps of the tectum?

Inferior Colliculi

What is the name of the opening that allows CSF to travel from the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle?

Cerebral Aqueduct

What surrounds the cerebral aqueduct?

Periaqueductal Gray

Where are the following found in/ around?:

-C.N. III Nuclei

-C.N IV Nuclei

-Endorphins

-Enkephalins

Periaqueductal Gray

What are the following?:

-Endorphins

-Enkephalins

Natural Pain Killer

What are ventral to the cerebral aqueduct?

Cerebral Peduncles

Where are the following found?:

-Tegmentum

-Substantia Nigra

-Crus Cerebri

Cerebral Peduncles

What is the name of C.N. III?

Oculomotor Nerve

What is the apparent origin of C.N. III?

Interpeduncular Fossa

How many Oculomotor Nuclei are found in the preaqueducal gray?

6

The following nuclei are all part of which C.N.?:

-Superior Rectus

-Medial Rectus

-Inferior Rectus

-Inferior Oblique

-Levator Palpebrae Superioris

-Accessory Oculomotor

Oculomotor Nerve

What is the name of C.N. III's Preganglionic parasympathetic nuclei?

Accessory Oculomotor

What muscle of the eye focuses on things at different distances?

Ciliary Muscle

What muscle constricts the pupil?

Sphincter Pupillae

What muscle dilates the pupil?

Dilator Pupillae

What type of information does the ciliary ganglion carry?

Postganglionic Parasympathetic

What is the name of C.N. IV?

Trochlear Nerve

What is the only muscle supplied by the Trochlear Nerve?

Superior Oblique

What is the C.N. With the fewest fibers?

Trochlear Nerve

What C.N. has its origin on the posterior side of the brainstem?

Trochlear Nerve

What C.N. Has fibers cross at its apparent origin on the posterior side of the brainstem?

Trochlear Nerve

What do superior colliculi deal with?

Visual Reflexes

What do inferior colliculi deal with?

Auditory Reflexes

What does the Tectospinal tract arise from?

Superior Colliculi

What does the Tectospinal Tract influence in the upper cervical cord that are carried by C.N. XI?

LMN

What tract influences reflex is in the upper spinal cord?

Tectospinal Tract

Do lesions of the tectum impair eye movement?

No

Do lesions of the tectum impair perception of moving objects?

Yes

Where is the reticular formation of the midbrain located?

Cerebral Peduncles

Can the Medial Lemniscus be found in the cerebral peduncles?

Yes

Where is the red nucleus found?

Cerebral Peduncles

the superior part of what extends into the subthalamic region of the diencephalon?

Red Nucleus

What is the large "cell area" of the red nucleus?

Magnocellular

What is the more superior and highly vascular area of the red nucleus?

Parvocellular

What part of the red nucleus do most Rubiospinal fibers originate from?

Magnocellular

What part of the red nucleus is larger in other mammals than in humans?

Magnocellular

What receives fibers from the following areas?:

-Central Cerebellar Nuclei

-Cerebral Cortex

Red Nucleus

What is located between the tegmentum and the crus?

Substantia Nigra

What is large and extends into the subthalamus of the diencephalon?

Substantia Nigra

What is the "black substance" that is found only in mammals, and is most developed in humans?

Substantia Nigra

What allows afferent & efferent exchange between caudate and putamen?

Substantia Nigra

What can a damaged substantiation nigra lead to?

Parkinsons

What produces dopamine?

Substantia Nigra

What condition results in shaking of digits/ hands/ tongue while the body is at rest?

Parkinson's

What condition can the following characteristics be observed?:

-Odd Posture

-Pain

-Shuffling Gait

-Loss of Speech (later stages)

Parkinson's

What is found on the ventrolateral aspect of the cerebral peduncle?

Crus Cerebri

What structure is formed by the following fibers?:

-Corticospinal Fibers to the Cord

-Corticopontine Fibers to the Pons

-Corticobulbar Fibers to the M.O.

-Corticomesencephalic Fibers

Crus Cerebri

What is the secondary embryonic vesicle of the prosencephalon that is located between the cerebral hemispheres?

Diencephalon

The following are all part of what?:

-Third Ventrical

-Epithalamus

-Thalamus

-Hypothalamus

-Subthalamus

Diencephalon

What is known as the gateway to the cerebrum?

Thalamus

What is the control center for autonomic and endocrine functions?

Hypothalamus

What part of the diencephalon is just superior to the midbrain tectum?

Epithalamus

What part of the diencephalon has the following parts?:

-Pineal Gland

-Habenular Nuclei

-Posterior Commissures

Epithalamus

What is the structure of the epithalamus that is shaped like a pinecone?

Pineal Gland

Where do we find highly modified neurons known as epiphysial cells?

Pineal Gland

Where are there numerous genes treated capillary beds and glial cells in the epithalamus?

Pineal Gland

What is the name for something with holes/ windows that allow for hormone production directly into the blood?

Fenestrated

What becomes rock-like by adulthood?

Pineal Gland

What structure of the epithalamus are x-rays used to determine if pressure is being applied?

Pineal Gland

What calcifies with age, and is built like endocrine gland with fenestrated capillaries?

Pineal Gland

What secretes melatonin from serotonin?

Pineal Gland

What does less light result in?

More Serotonin

What does more serotonin result in?

More Melatonin

What is produced by the pineal gland in the epithalamus with its peak around 12:00 AM-2:00 AM, and its lowest point around 11:00 AM-1:00 PM?

Melatonin

Does winter increase or decrease the production of melatonin?

Increase

Does spring increase or decrease the production of melatonin?

Decrease

What has an antigonadal function, and is secreted during darkness with secretion increasing as the day get shorter?

Melatonin

What does less light cause issues with the conversion of?

Serotonin

What affects our mood?

Serotonin

An overproduction of what leads to issues with serotonin conversion?

Melatonin

What affects 1/20 people in North America due to there being less light?

S.A.D.

What is used in anti-depressant medications to affect serotonin?

SSRI

What part of the epithalamus ties emotion to an experience?

Habenular Nuclei

What structure of the epithalamus is located at the base of the pineal gland, and is responsible for assigning reward value?

Habenular Nuclei

What structure in the epithalamus sends information to cells that produce dopamine?

Habenular Nuclei

What part of the epithalamus is small and located just superior to the midbrain tectum?

Posterior Commissure

What part of the epithalamus is has pupillary reflex fibers and pupillary nuclei within it?

Posterior Commissure