The Female Pelvis 2
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64 Terms
At what age do the female reproductive years typically begin?
11-13 years
3 multiple choice options
Around what age do the female reproductive years typically end?
50 years
3 multiple choice options
The menstrual cycle is typically calculated beginning with:
The first day of bleeding (LMP)
3 multiple choice options
What is premenarche?
Prepuberty
3 multiple choice options
What is menarche?
Onset of menses
2 multiple choice options
What is the menstrual cycle?
Menstruating approximately every 28 days
2 multiple choice options
What is menopause?
Cessation of menses
2 multiple choice options
Which hormone is secreted by the hypothalamus to initiate the reproductive hormone cycle?
GnRH
3 multiple choice options
Which gland produces FSH and LH?
Pituitary gland
3 multiple choice options
FSH and LH are released in response to which hormone?
GnRH
3 multiple choice options
Low to moderate levels of estrogen have what effect on FSH secretion?
Inhibit FSH secretion
3 multiple choice options
The LH surge is triggered by:
High estrogen levels
3 multiple choice options
What is a primary function of progesterone after ovulation?
Maintain the endometrium
3 multiple choice options
Progesterone suppresses:
New follicle development
3 multiple choice options
A lack of ovulation is most directly associated with:
No LH surge
3 multiple choice options
Low progesterone levels may result in:
Implantation failure
3 multiple choice options
Hormonal imbalance can lead to:
Irregular menstrual cycles
3 multiple choice options
Which hormone causes ovarian follicles to develop during the follicular phase?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
3 multiple choice options
As ovarian follicles grow, they fill with fluid and secrete which hormone?
Estrogen
3 multiple choice options
What is the name of the mature follicle present just before ovulation?
Graafian follicle
3 multiple choice options
What is the typical size of a mature Graafian follicle immediately before ovulation?
2.0 cm
2 multiple choice options
How long before ovulation do LH levels increase rapidly in the process known as the LH surge?
24-36 hours
3 multiple choice options
When do LH levels typically peak before ovulation?
10-12 hours before ovulation
3 multiple choice options
What triggers ovulation around day 14 of the menstrual cycle?
LH surge accompanied by a smaller FSH surge
3 multiple choice options
What does the German term "mittelschmerz" mean?
Middle pain
3 multiple choice options
When does the luteal phase occur in the menstrual cycle?
After ovulation
3 multiple choice options
When a menstrual cycle is shorter or longer than 28 days, which phase is typically altered?
Follicular phase
3 multiple choice options
During the luteal phase, what structure forms from the ruptured ovarian follicle?
Corpus luteum
3 multiple choice options
What is the process called in which the ruptured follicle cells multiply to form the corpus luteum?
Luteinization
3 multiple choice options
Luteinization is stimulated by which hormone surge?
LH surge
2 multiple choice options
What hormone is immediately secreted by the corpus luteum?
Progesterone
3 multiple choice options
How many days after ovulation does the corpus luteum typically begin to degenerate if no implantation occurs?
9-11 days
3 multiple choice options
What happens when progesterone levels decline after corpus luteum degeneration?
Menstruation occurs
3 multiple choice options
Which hormone produced after implantation causes the corpus luteum to persist?
hCG
3 multiple choice options
How long does the corpus luteum continue to secrete progesterone before the placenta takes over?
3 months
2 multiple choice options
What causes characteristic changes in the endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle?
Varying levels of estrogen and progesterone
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following best describes the menstrual phase?
Lasts 1 to 5 days and begins with declining progesterone levels causing spiral arterioles to constrict
3 multiple choice options
What happens to the endometrial thickness during menstruation and the early proliferative phase?
It decreases and becomes a thin echogenic line (<4 mm)
3 multiple choice options
What triggers regeneration and growth of the endometrium during the proliferative phase?
Estrogen from developing follicles
3 multiple choice options
The proliferative phase lasts until when?
Luteinization of the Graafian follicle around ovulation
2 multiple choice options
What is the typical endometrial thickness during the proliferative phase?
4-8 mm
3 multiple choice options
How does the endometrium typically appear on ultrasound during the proliferative phase?
Hypoechoic with a "three-line sign" appearance
3 multiple choice options
When does the secretory phase occur in the menstrual cycle?
Day 15 to onset of menses (Day 28)
3 multiple choice options
Which hormone causes spiral arteries and endometrial glands to enlarge during the secretory phase?
Progesterone
3 multiple choice options
What is the main function of the secretory phase?
Preparation of the endometrium for implantation
2 multiple choice options
The secretory phase of the endometrial cycle corresponds to which phase of the ovarian cycle?
Luteal phase
3 multiple choice options
What is the typical appearance and thickness of the endometrium right before ovulation?
6-10 mm and isoechoic with the myometrium
3 multiple choice options
What is the typical endometrial thickness during the secretory phase after ovulation?
7-14 mm
3 multiple choice options
What is the expected normal endometrial thickness in postmenopausal patients not on HRT?
<5 mm
3 multiple choice options
What is the expected normal endometrial thickness in postmenopausal patients on HRT or tamoxifen?
Up to 8 mm
2 multiple choice options
Which of the following best describes polymenorrhea?
Menstrual cycles with interval <21 days
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following best describes oligomenorrhea?
Menstrual cycles with interval >35 days
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following best describes menorrhagia?
Abnormally heavy or prolonged menstrual periods
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following best describes dysmenorrhea?
Painful menstruation
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following best describes amenorrhea?
Absence of menstruation
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following best describes transvesicular ultrasound?
Wider field of view with a full bladder
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following best describes transvaginal ultrasound?
Higher resolution with a narrow field of view
3 multiple choice options
What effect does the increasing estrogen level have during the proliferative phase?
Stops the production of FSH
3 multiple choice options
Enlargement of spiral arteries and endometrial glands prepares the uterus for:
Implantation
3 multiple choice options
What is the most common cause of oligomenorrhea?
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
3 multiple choice options
Endometriosis is a common cause of which menstrual disorder?
Dysmenorrhea
2 multiple choice options
In a transvaginal ultrasound image, the left side of the screen corresponds to which part of the patient?
Cephalic and right side
3 multiple choice options
In a transvaginal ultrasound image, the right side of the screen corresponds to which part of the patient?
Caudal and left side
3 multiple choice options
When performing a transvaginal ultrasound on an infertility patient, the preferred transducer lubricant is:
Water because it does not impair sperm mobility
3 multiple choice options