CALT Exam

Phonological Processing

ability to perceive, understand and use the sound structures of words in both oral and written language.

Phonological Awareness

sensitivity to the sound structure in spoken language; progresses from rhyming to syllable awareness and manipulation, to phonemic awareness and manipulation.

Phonemic Awareness

awareness of the smallest units of sound in the speech stream and the ability to isolate or manipulate the individual sounds in words

Phonological Memory

ability to immediately process and recall sound-based information (ie something you have heard) in short-term memory for temporary storage

Rapid Automatic Naming (RAN)

a speed naming task in which the individual is asked to quickly name a series of printed letters, numbers, or blocks of color repeated in random order (long term memory)

Linguistic Hierarchy

Word Boundaries > Syllables > Onset-rime > Phonemes

Phonology

understanding and use of the speech sounds in words

Morphology

understanding and use of meaningful word parts, e.g. pre, un, ion

Vocabulary or Semantics

Understanding and use of the meaning of words

Syntax

Understanding and use of the grammatical aspects of language

Pragmatics

Understanding and use of language in various contexts

Chall’s Stages of Reading Development - Stage 0

pre-reading / psuedo reading

Chall’s Stages of Reading Development - Stage 1

Initial reading and decoding

Chall’s Stages of Reading Development - Stage 2

Confirmation and fluency

Chall’s Stages of Reading Development - Stage 3

Reading for learning

Chall’s Stages of Reading Development - Stage 4

Multiple viewpoints

Chall’s Stages of Reading Development - Stage 5

construction and reconstruction

Pre-Alphabetic Phase (Ehri)

Using other cues to figure out words. Little or no alphabetic knowledge. Environmental print.

Partial Alphabetic Phase

demonstrate emerging use of grapheme-phoneme/letter-sound connections. “Cue reading”

Full Alphabetic Phase (Ehri)

reader attends to every letter in word. Orthographic mapping.

Consolidated Alphabetic Phase (Ehri)

Use chunks to decode

Automatic Phase (Ehri)

Final phase in word reading development. Word reading is quick and effortless and most words have become sight words.

Situation Reading

Recognition of a letter’s situation in a word or syllable and awareness of the frequency of its probable pronunciations in initial, medial, or final position. If several pronunciations are possible for the same letter in a given situation, students can learn their order of probability. They can try each pronunciation in sequence until they discover a suitable word which fits into the context.

Situation spelling

presents a sequential organization of the reliable graphic symbols which regularly represent each of the major sounds in spoken English. The situation or position of the speech sound in the word or syllable governs the predominance of a given symbol, but the length of the word its accent, or its adjacent sounds may also exert influence on its spelling.

FLOSS Rule

When a one syllable base word ends in the (f), (l) or (s) sound immediately after a short vowel, the (f) sound is spelled ff, the (l) sound is spelled ll, and the (s) sound is spelled ss.

Rabbit Rule

One medial consonant sound immediately after a short vowel in a two syllable base word is spelled with doubled consonants. (rabbit)

The consonant in a consonant-l-e final syllable doubles immediately after a short vowel in a two syllable base word. (bubble)

Doubling Rule

When a base word ends in one vowel, one consonant and one accent, double the final consonant when adding a vowel suffix. (hopped, starring, beginner)

Changing Rule (y to i)

When a base word ends in a consonant and a y, change the y to i when adding a suffix that does not begin with i. (tried, penniless, happiness)

Dropping Rule

When a base word ends in final silent e, drop the e before adding a vowel suffix. (hoped, completing)

Battle of Hastings / Norman Conquest (1066 AD)

Big shift in language due to French invasion

The “Great Vowel Shift” begins

1400 - 1600 AD

Anglo-Saxon/Old English

Number Words (1-1000 / twenty, thirty, forty) // Basic color words // names of farm, forest, and ocean animals, words associated with farming or crops // Parts of the body that an be seen (arm, foot, shoulder, head) // Short common every day words (said, the, boy, girl, run) // gh words (light, enough, night) // 1 S bw, short vowel F ck (block, luck, stick) // 1 Sbw with k (keep, kiss, pink) // kn and gn words (knee, knife, knock, gnat, gnash) // tw words (two, between, twelve) // wr words (wrist, wreath, wring, wrench) // ch words / short ch words (chin, bench, lunch) // 1sbw short V, F tch (catch, pitch, stretch) // 1 sbw short V, F dge (ridge, edge, badge) // short words with th (this, that, with) // combination wh (Why, while, wheel) // 2 sbw short V and CC in the middle (rabbit, ladder, letter) // FLOSS rule words // final silent b (Thumb, lamb, comb)

Latin Words

F ct, F pt, ti (sh), ci (sh), si (zh), [sion, CC near beginning (illegal, attract), tu (ch), multisyllable, long words

Greek Words

ph (f), ch (k), k in long words, th I long words, medial Greey vowel y in long or short words

Morphological Awareness

explicitly thinking about the smallest units of meaning in language (morephemes)

Noun

name of a person, place, animal, thing, or idea

Pronoun

a word that takes the place of a noun

Action verb

Expresses what the subject is doing. It shows physical action or brain action.

Linking Verb

verbs of being do not show action

helping verb

appears before the main verb

adverb

tells about verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Answer questions when, where, why, how, to what extend? Often ends with suffix -ly.

Adjective

Tells about a noun - answers questions: Which, what kind, how many, how much?

articles

a, an, the - signals a noun is coming

preposition

shows the relationship of a noun to other words in a sentence. Sometimes indicate location

coordinating conjunction

a word that connects words, phrases or sentences. They are: and, but for, yet, or, nor.

Subordinating conjunction

a word that joins independent clauses with dependent or subordinate clauses

interjection

a word that indicates noise, emotion, or speed

ellipsis

any part of a sentence that is not directly expressed, but is necessary to make the sentence grammatically complete

Number of letters in alphabet

26

Two kinds of letters

vowels and consonants

Sequence

to place in order

semi circle

a half circle

row

a horizontal line

column

a vertical line

before hand

left hand

after hand

right hand

accent

stress or emphasis

random order

by chance; not in sequence

dictionary

a book in which words are listed with their meanings and pronunciations; it is a source of information

quartiles

the dictionary is divided into four parts

first quartile

Words beginning with A-D

Second Quartile

Words beginning with E-L

Third Quartile

words beginning with M-R

Fourth Quartile

Words beginning with S-Z

Guidewords

first and last words on a dictionary page

Vocabulary

The words of a language; these words are “tools of thought". They are used to convey information and bring pleasure through speaking, reading, and writing.

Active vocabulary

made up of words we are able to use because we can express their exact meaning

Passive vocabulary

made up of words we know and understand when reading or listening, but to which we are unable to give an exact meaning and, therefore cannot use to express ourselves

Synonym

a word having the same or nearly the meaning as a another word

antonym

a word that is opposite in meaning to another word

Vowel

a letter that makes a voice, unblocked sound

Consonant

a letter that makes a blocked sound, either voiced or unvoiced

Base word

the simplest form of an English word

Syllable

a word or part of a word that contains one vowel soundcl

Closed syllable

end in consonant; the vowel is short, code it with a breve

Open, accented syllable

end in a vowel; the vowel long, code it with a macron

Accent

stress or emphasis

Theme song

A vowel in a closed syllable is short // a vowel in an open, accented syllable is long // in an open, accented syllable, e, o, and u are half long, i is short, and a is obscure

Double consonants

When there are two adjacent, like consonants in a two-syllable word, the one in the unaccented syllable is marked out because it is silent.

When there are two adjacent, like consonants in a word, the vowel before them is short

Suffix

a letter or letters added to the end of a base word to change its usage. There are two kinds (consonant and vowel)

Prefix

letter or letters added to the beginning of a base word to change its meaning

Root

a word or part of a word to which prefiexes and suffixes may be added to form other words

derivative

base word plus a prefix or suffix

singulair

one

plural

more than one

Learned Word / Instant Word

a word that isn’t coded and read in a regular way; these words are circled

s = (s) unvoiced

initial position, final position after unvoiced consonant, when doubled

s = (s) voiced

final position after a short vowel in a little word, after a voiced consonant, between a vowel and silent e

digraph

two letters - one sound

not divided

n before k

(ng)

c borrows its sound form

k or s

c before a, o, u , or a consonant

(k)

c before e, i, or y

(s)

g before a, o, u or consonant

hard g (g)

g before e, i, or y (usually)

soft g (j) (coded with a tittle)

Sentence

group of words that tells or asks something and expresses a complete though. Begins with a capital letter and ends with punctuation mark.

period

at the end of a telling sentence (declarative) or a command (imperative)

Question mark

at the end of an asking sentence; interrogative

exclamation point

strong feeling; exclamatory

comma

pause