Psych Mega quiz

Positive Psychology

the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

Positive Subjective Experiences

individual perceptions, emotions, and thoughts that are unique to each person. They cannot be objectively measured or observed by others. Explores gratitude, signature strengths, and posttraumatic growth.

Hedonic Well-Being

the type of happiness or contentment that is achieved when pleasure is obtained and pain is avoided.

Eudaimonic Well-Being

the type of happiness or contentment that is achieved through self-actualization and having meaningful purpose in one's life.

Gratitude

a sense of thankfulness and happiness in response to receiving a gift, either a tangible benefit

Resilience

the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma.

Posttraumatic Growth

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises.

Temperance

self-restraint, manifested as self-regulation in monitoring and managing one's emotions, motivation, and behavior and as self-control in the attainment of adaptive goals.

Transcendence

a state of existence or perception that is not definable in terms of normal understanding or experience. The term may imply a state that goes beyond conventional conceptions of the natural world.

Deviance

any behavior that differs significantly from what is considered appropriate or typical for a social group.

Dysfunction

any impairment, disturbance, or deficiency in behavior or operation.

DSM V

the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

Eclectic Approach

an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy.

Diathesis-Stress Model

theory that mental and physical disorders develop from a genetic or biological predisposition for that illness (diathesis) combined with stressful conditions that play a precipitating or facilitating role.

Biopsychosocial model

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.

Neurodevelopmental disorders

are a group of disorders with onset occurring during the developmental period. Symptoms of neurodevelopmental disorders focus on whether the person is exhibiting behaviors appropriate for their age or maturity range (ADHD and ASD)

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors.

Schizophrenia

a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished or inappropriate emotional expression.

Delusions

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

Hallucinations

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.

Word salad

severely disorganized and virtually incomprehensible speech or writing, marked by severe loosening of associations strongly suggestive of schizophrenia. The person's associations appear to have little or no logical connection.

Disorganized Behavior

behavior that is self-contradictory or inconsistent. May include childlike silliness, purposeless behavior, unpredictable agitation, or extreme emotional reaction

Disorganized Speech

incoherent speech. This may be speech in which ideas shift from one subject to another seemingly unrelated subject, sometimes described as loosening of associations. Other types of disorganized speech include responding to questions in an irrelevant way, reaching illogical conclusions, and making up words

Catatonic Excitement

periods of extreme restlessness and excessive and apparently purposeless motor activity, often as a symptom of catatonic schizophrenia.

Catatonic Stupor

a state of significantly decreased reactivity to environmental stimuli and events and reduced spontaneous movement,

Flat affect

total or near absence of appropriate emotional responses to situations and events.

Depressive Disorder

any of the mood disorders that typically have sadness or empty or irritable mood as the predominant symptom

Major Depressive Disorder

a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.

Persistent Depressive (Dysthymic) Disorder

a mood disorder characterized by symptoms that are less severe but more enduring than those in major depressive disorder.

Mania

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.

Bipolar Disorder (I)

the individual fluctuates between episodes of mania or hypomania and major depressive episodes

Bipolar Disorder (II)

the individual fluctuates between major depressive and hypomanic episodes

Anxiety Disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

Specific Phobia

a marked and persistent fear of a specific object, activity, or situation. The fear is traditionally defined as excessive or unreasonable and is invariably triggered by the presence or anticipation of the feared object or situation

Agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide-open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic.

Panic Disorder

an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

Ataque de nervios

a culture-bound syndrome found among Latinos, characterized by shaking, uncontrollable shouting or crying, a sense of rising heat, loss of control, and verbal or physical aggression, followed by fainting or seizure-like episodes. Symptoms often occur following a stressful event related to the family

Social Anxiety Disorder

intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such.

Taijin Kyofusho

a phobia unique to Japan, that is characterized by an intense fear that one's body parts, bodily functions, or facial expressions are embarrassing or offensive to others

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

ObsessiveCompulsive Disorder (OCD)

a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions .

Hoarding (Disorder)

a compulsion that involves the persistent collection of useless or trivial items (e.g., old newspapers, garbage, magazines) and an inability to organize or discard these.

Dissociative Disorders

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities.

Dissociative Amnesia

failure to recall important information about one's personal experiences, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature, that is too extensive to be explained by normal forgetfulness. Recovery of memory often occurs spontaneously within a few hours and is usually connected with removal from the traumatic circumstances with which the amnesia was associated

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

Anorexia Nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight.

Bulimia Nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating foods with purging or fasting.

PICA

a rare eating disorder marked by a persistent craving for unnatural, nonnutritive substances, such as plaster, paint, hair, starch, or dirt.

Paranoid Personality Disorder

personality disorder characterized by (a) pervasive, unwarranted suspiciousness and distrust of others ; (b) hypersensitivity; and (c) restricted affectivity

Schizoid Personality Disorder

personality disorder characterized by long-term emotional coldness, absence of tender feelings for others, lack of desire for and enjoyment of close relationships, and indifference to praise or criticism and to the feelings of others.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

personality disorder characterized by various oddities of thought, perception, speech, and behavior that are not severe enough to warrant a diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

a personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

Histrionic Personality Disorder

personality disorder characterized by a pattern of long-term self-dramatization in which individuals draw attention to themselves, crave activity and excitement, overreact to minor events, experience angry outbursts, and are prone to manipulative suicide threats and gestures,

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

personality disorder with the following characteristics: (a) a long-standing pattern of grandiose self-importance and an exaggerated sense of talent and achievements; (b) fantasies of unlimited sex, power, brilliance, or beauty; (c) an exhibitionistic need for attention and admiration; (d) either cool indifference or feelings of rage, humiliation, or emptiness as a response to criticism, indifference, or defeat; and (e) various interpersonal disturbances, such as feeling entitled to special favors, taking advantage of others, and inability to empathize with the feelings of others

Borderline Personality Disorder

personality disorder characterized by a long-standing pattern of instability in mood, interpersonal relationships, and self-image that is severe enough to cause extreme distress or interfere with social and occupational functioning. Among the manifestations of this disorder are (a) self-damaging behavior ; (b) intense but unstable relationships; (c) uncontrollable temper outbursts; (d) uncertainty about self-image, gender, goals, and loyalties; (e) shifting moods; (f) self-defeating behavior, such as fights, suicidal gestures, or self-mutilation; and (g) chronic feelings of emptiness and boredom.

Avoidant Personality Disorder

personality disorder characterized by (a) hypersensitivity to rejection and criticism, (b) a desire for uncritical acceptance, (c) social withdrawal in spite of a desire for affection and acceptance, and (d) low self-esteem.

Dependent Personality Disorder

personality disorder manifested in a long-term pattern of passively allowing others to take responsibility for major areas of life and of subordinating personal needs to the needs of others, due to lack of self-confidence and self-dependence

Psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.

Therapeutic alliance

a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem.

Deinstitutionalization

the joint process of moving people with developmental or psychiatric disabilities from structured institutional facilities to their home communities and developing comprehensive community-based residential, day, vocational, clinical, and supportive services to address their needs

Decentralization

the trend to relocate patients with chronic mental illness from long-term institutionalization, usually at government hospitals, to outpatient care in community-based residential facilities.

Free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

Interpretation

in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.

Cognitive behavior therapy

Treatment is aimed at identifying and modifying the client's maladaptive thought processes and problematic behaviors through cognitive restructuring and behavioral techniques to achieve change.

Dialectical behavior therapy

establishes a "dialectic" between helping individuals to accept the reality of their lives and their own behaviors on the one hand and helping them learn to change their lives, including dysfunctional behaviors, on the other. Emphasis on helping individuals learn both to regulate and to tolerate their emotions.

Rational emotive behavior therapy

cognitive behavior therapy based on the concept that an individual's self-defeating beliefs influence and cause negative feelings and undesirable behaviors. Directly and emphatically interrupt clients' irrational beliefs and encourage them to think and act in more effective, self-enhancing ways.

Cognitive restructuring

technique used to help the client identify their self-defeating beliefs or cognitive distortions, refute them, and then modify them so that they are adaptive and reasonable.

Cognitive triad

a set of three beliefs thought to characterize major depressive episodes. These are negative beliefs about the self, the world, and the future.

Applied behavior analysis

the extension of B. F. Skinner's behavioral principles (i.e., operant conditioning) to practical settings. Variations of applied behavior analysis may be used clinically as treatment for abnormal or problematic behaviors.

Exposure therapies

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid.

Systematic desensitization

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

Aversion Therapy

the client is conditioned to change or eliminate undesirable behavior or symptoms by associating them with noxious or unpleasant experiences, such as a bitter taste or nausea

Token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats.

Biofeedback

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension.

Client-centered therapy

a humanistic therapy in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth.

Active listening

empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy

Group therapy

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction.

Hypnosis

a social interaction in which one person (the subject) responds to another person's (the hypnotist's) suggestion that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.

Psychoactive Drug

any drug that has significant effects on psychological processes, such as thinking, perception, and emotion. Psychoactive drugs include therapeutic agents designed to improve a mental condition; these include antidepressants, mood stabilizers, sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics, and antipsychotics.

Antidepressants Drugs

drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder.

Antianxiety Drugs

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation

Lithium

an element of the alkali metal group whose salts are used in psychopharmacotherapy as mood stabilizers. Lithium salts were first used for the treatment of mania in the 1940s

Antipsychotic Drugs

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder.

Tardive dyskinesia

movement disorder associated with the use of antipsychotics, particularly conventional antipsychotics that act primarily as dopamine-receptor antagonists. Symptoms include tremor and spasticity of muscle groups, particularly orofacial muscles and muscles in the extremities.

Psychosurgery

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior.

Lobotomy

a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity.

Electroconvulsive Therapy

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.