Unit 4 Ap bio

etc

a collection of proteins that are structurally linked into units

chemiosmotic hypothesis

ETC energy is used to move protons across the cristae membrane, ATP is generated as the protons diffuse back into the matrix

atp synthase

uses the flow of protons to make ATP

autotrophs

produces personal nutrients; “self-nourish”

carbon cycle

carbon goes from the atmosphere into autotrophs which is then passed to heterotrophs then eventually released back into the atmosphere

photosynthesis

process by which plants use light energy to make food; reduction process; requires chlorophyll and light

photosynthesis equation

6 CO₂ +  6 H₂O -> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂

photosynthesizing organisms

plants, algae (protists), euglena (protists), cyanobacteria

plant photosynthesis location

any green part of the plant, mainly the leaves, happens in MESOPHYLL CELLS

mesophyll cells

middle layer cells, surrounded by epidermis cells on both sides, cuticle (waxy layers)

stomata

small holes that gasses in and out, usually on the underside of leaves

photosynthesis reactions

light reaction: occurs in the thylakoid membrane, calvin cycle: occurs in the stroma

stroma

liquid that surrounds the thylakoid membrane

light

a form of electromagnetic radiation (visible light is used for photosynthesis)

action spectrum

red and blue light are absorbed and used in photosynthesis, green light is reflected or transmitted

chlorophyll

Has Mg2+, several types possible (A-D)

accessory pigments

absorb light energy and transfer the energy to chlorophyll

chlorphyll

absorbs light, gets stored when photosynthesis isnt possible (like the winter)

cyclic electron flow

no input of electrons needed

non-cyclic electron flow

constant input of electrons needed

photosystems

the light dependent reaction contains two photosystems, occurs in thylakoid membrane

cyclic photophosphorylation

uses PS1 only, produces ATP, requires light

noncyclic photophosphorylation

uses PS1 and PS2, splits water releasing protons, a pair of electrons, and ½ O2, produces ATP and NADPH

calvin cycle inputs

CO₂ (used to make sugar), ATP, NADPH

calvin cycle products

sugar, ADP, NADP+

C3 photosynthesis

most dominant type, CO2>rubisco>glucose

C4 photosynthesis

happens in two cells, found in grasslands, CO2>4C acid>rubisco>glucose; adaptive value: prevents photorespiration>prevents water loss

CAM photosynthesis

divided by time, found in deserts, CO2>4C acid>rubisco>glucose; adaptive value: limits transpiration, minimizes water loss

ATP

powers ALL functions

aerobic cellular respiration equation

glucose+oxygen →carbon dioxide+water+energy (as ATP)

cytoplasm

glycolysis location

mitochondrial matrix

pyruvic oxidation location

mitochondrial matrix

citric acid cycle location

cristae

etc location

glycolysis

splitting of glucose/sugar

ATP cycle

ATP → ADP+Pi

ADP

created when the third phosphate falls off, releases energy for the cell to use

ATP energy

renewable energy resource, unstable bond

food energy

long term energy storage, stable bonds

cellular respiration

the release of chemical energy for use by cells; breaks down glucose into a usable form of energy (ATP)

electron carriers

carry electrons to the electron transport chain

NAD+ and FAD

function as electron carriers, uncharged batteries

NADH and FADH₂

charged batteries

glycolysis yield

2 ATP, 2 NADH

glycolysis input

• 1 Glucose (6C)

• 2 ATP

• 4 ADP + P_i

• 2 NAD+

glycolysis output

• 2 Pyruvates (3C)

• 2 ADP

• 4 ATP

• 2 NADH

citric acid cycle yield

2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH₂

citric acid cycle input

• 2 Pyruvate

• 8 NAD+

• 2 ADP

• 2 FAD

citric acid cycle output

• 6 CO₂

• 8 NADH

• 2 ATP

• 2 FADH₂

etc yield

34 ATP

etc input

• NADH or FADH₂

• ADP

• O₂

etc products

• NAD⁺ or FAD

• ATP

• H₂O

etc function

convert energy from NADH and FADH₂ into ATP

citric acid cycle function

 break down Pyruvates to CO2

glycolysis function

splitting glucose (6C) into 2 Pryuvic Acid (3C each)

metabolism

converting food into energy

ATP composition

nitrogenous base, pentose sugars, THREE phosphate groups

catabolic pathways

breaking down of complex molecules, releasing energy

anabolic pathways

building of complex molecules, consuming energy

exergonic

chemical reactions with a net release of free energy, warm

endergonic

chemical reactions that absorb free energy from the surroundings, cold

energy

the ability to do work