organic synthesis maps

Alkane to halohalkane

Conditions: halogen, UV light

Mechanism: homolytic fission, free radical substituition

Alkene to alkane

Conditions: Nickel catalyst, Hydrogen gas

Alkene to haloalkane

Conditions: Hydrogen halide or Halogen, room temp

Mechanism: electrophilic substituition

Major products: tertiary>secondary>primady

Haloalkane to nitrle

Reagents: KCN or NaCN

Conditions: CN⁻, ethanol solvent, reflux

Mechanism: Nucleophilic substituition

Haloalkane to amine

Reagent: Ethanolic Ammonia (NH₃), test tube

Mechanism: Nucleophilic substituition

Nitrile to amine

Reagents: Hydrogen gas, Nickel catalyst

Mechanism: Reduction

Alkene to alcohol

Reagents: Steam (H₂O gas), H₃PO₄ Phosphoric acid catalyst

Conditions: 300 °C, 60 atm

Mechanism: Electrophilic addition

Alcohol to alkene

Reagents: Concentrated sulfuric/phosphoric acid

Conditions: 170 °C, Reflux

Mechanism: elimination

Haloalkane to alcohol

Reagent: NaOH

Conditions: Aqueous solution, heat under reflux

Mechanism: Nucleophilic substituition

Alcohol to haloalkane

Reagents: Sodium Halide, H₂SO₄

Conditions: Heat under reflux

Mechanism: Nucleophilic substitution

Secondary alcohol to ketone

Reagent: Acidified Potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇ / H₂SO₄)

Conditions: Heat under reflux

Mechanism: Oxidation

Colour change: Orange to Green

Ketone to secondary alcohol

Reagent: NaBH₄

Mechanism: Reduction, Nucleophilic addition

Primary alcohol to aldehyde

Reagents: Acidified Potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇ / H₂SO₄)

Conditions: Distilation

Mechanism: Oxidation

Colour change: Orange to Green

Aldehyde to primary alcohol

Reagents: NaBH₄

Conditions: Reduction

Mechanism: Nucleophilic addition

Primary alcohol to carboxylic acid

Reagents: Acidified Potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇ / H₂SO₄)

Conditions: Reflux

Mechanism: Oxidation

Colour change: Orange to Green

Alcohol to ester

Reagents: Carboxylic acid, H₂SO₄

Conditions: Reflux

Mechanism: Esterification, Condensation

Aldehyde to hydroxynitrile

Reagents: NaCN or KCN and dilute sulfuric acid

Mechanism: Nucleophilic substitution

Ketone to hydroxynitrile

Reagents: NaCN or KCN and dilute sulfuric acid

Mechanism: Nucleophilic substitution

Hydroxynitrile to amine

Reagents: Hydrogen gas, Nickel catalyst

Mechanism: Reduction

Aldehyde to carboxylic acid

Reagents: Acidified Potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇ / H₂SO₄)

Conditions: Reflux

Mechanism: Oxidation

Colour change: Orange to Green

Hydroxynitrile to carboxylic acid

Reagents: dilute sulfuric acid

Conditions: heat under reflux

Mechanism: Acid hydrolysis

Nitrile to carboxylic acid

Reagents: dilute sulfuric acid

Conditions: heat under reflux

Mechanism: Acid hydrolysis

Carboxylic acid to ester

Reagents: Alcohol, H₂SO₄

Conditions: Heat under reflux

Mechanism: Esterification

Ester to carboxylic acid

Reagents: dilute acid or dilute alkali + strong acid

Conditions: Heat under reflux

Mechanism: hydrolysis

Ester to carboxylate

Reagents: Aqueous alkali

Conditions: heat under reflux

Mechanism: Alkaline hydrolysis

Acyl chloride to ester

Reagents: Alcohol

Conditions: Room temp

Mechanism: Nucleophilic addition, Elimination, Acylation

Observed product: Dense white fumes of HCL

Acyl chloride to carboxylic acid

Reagents: water

Conditions: room temperature

Mechanism: Nucleophilic addition, elimination, hydrolysis

Observed reaction: violent reaction

Carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

Reagents: SOCl₂

Conditions: Room temp, Fume cupboard

Mechanism: Nucleophilic substituition

Observed products: Sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride

Acyl chloride to primary amide

Reagents: Concentrated excess Ammonia

Conditions: room temp

Mechanism: Nucleophilic addition, Elimination, Acylation

Observed products: Dense white funes of ammonium chloride

Acyl chloride to secondary amide

Reagents: Primary amide

Conditions: room temp

Mechanism: Nucleophilic addition, Elimination, Acylation

Observed products: Dense white funes of ammonium chloride

Acyl chloride to tertiary amide

Reagents: secondary amide

Conditions: room temp

Mechanism: Nucleophilic addition, Elimination, Acylation

Observed products: Dense white funes of ammonium chloride

Benzene to methylbenzene

Reagents: chloromethane, AlCl₃ / FeCl₃

Conditions: room temp, reflux under heat for longer alkyl chains

Mechanism: electrophilic aromatic substituition, friedel-crafts alkylation

Benzene to phenylethanone

Reagents: ethanoyl chloride, AlCl₃ / FeCl₃

Conditions: Heat under reflux under 50 °C

Mechanism: electrophilic aromatic substituition, friedel-crafts alkylation

Phenylethanone to 1-phenylethanol

Reagents: NaBH₄

Conditions: Aqueous or alcoholic solution

Mechanism: reduction, nucleophilic addition

Benzene to halo benzene

Reagents: AlCl₃ / FeCl₃, Cl₂ for chloro benzene. AlBr₃ / FeBr₃, Br₂ For bromo be benzene

Conditions: room temp, dark so no free radical

Mechanism: electrophilic aromatic substituition

Benzene to nitro benzene

Reagents: Concentrated HNO₃, Concentrated H₂SO₄

Conditions: 50 °C to prevent further substituitions

Mechanism: Electrophilic aromatic substituition

Nitrobenzene to phenylamine

Reagents: Sn catalyst, HCL

Conditions: Heat under reflux, then adding Aqueous NaOH

Mechanism: Reduction (NO₂ to NH₂)

Phenylamine to 2,4,6-tribromophenylamine

Reagents: Bromine water

Conditions: room temp

Mechanism: Electrophilic aromatic substiution

Observed product: Bromine water decolourised. White precipitate formed

Phenylamine to phenol

Reagents: NaNO₂, HCL, H₂O

Conditions: 0–5 °C step 1, Above for step 2

Mechanism: Diazotization, hydrolysis

Phenol to 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol

Reagents: dilute Nitric acid

Conditions: room temp

Mechanism: Electrophilic aromatic substituition

Phenol to sodiumphenoxide

Reagents: NaOH or Na

Conditions: room temp

Mechanism: neutralisation with NaOH, redox with Na

Phenol to 2,4,6-tribromophenol

Reagents: Bromine water

Conditions:room temp

Mechanism: Electrophilic aromatic subsitution