APHUG All Unit Review

4 Map Projection Distortions

Size, Shape, Distance, Direction

Small scale map

shows large area

Large scale map

shows small area

Reference Maps

locational map

Thematic map

Displays spatial patterns using quantitative data to show a specific topic

6 thematic maps

choropleth, cartogram, graduated cylinder, dot density, isoline, flowline

Relative direction

direction based on location of an object

Relative distance

6 min walking distance

Relative location

location relative to surroundings (in front of the school)

Individuals can gather geographic data through

Field observations, travel narratives, media, landscape analysis

Global positioning system (GPS)

determines precise location of something using satellites

Geographic information system (GIS)

Collect, analyze, display geographic data and can layer maps with different info

Remote sensing

getting geo. data with NO physical contact (satellite imagery, aerial photography)

Provide 1 personal, business, and government reason for using geographic data

Personal: moving, recreation

Businesses: census data to see where people with high incomes live

Government: affects how many representatives, where gov. funds distributed

Space

geometric surface of earth, physical gap

Place

how humans modify a space

Distance decay

further apart things are from each other, less connected they are

Time-space compression

reduction in time it takes for something to get from one place to another

Density vs concentration

Density is amt of objects / area and concentration is spread of objects

Spatial Patterns

clustered, dispersed, linear, random, circular, geometric

Formal Regions

geographic area with common features (ESPN)

Functional Region

area organized around a node

Vernacular region

exists because of how people feel about the region

4 Big Regions that have over 2/3 of world's population

South Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, Europe

Population density and distribution affects ESPN processes how?

Economic - growing pop = more businesses/services

Social - high density = better education, more police

Poltical - higher # of rep., more gov. services

eNvironmental - more pollution

Sex Ratio

(# of male births / # of female births ) x 100

Dependency Ratio

(ppl 0-15 and 65+ / working people) x 100

Elderly dependency ratio

(65+ / working people) x 100

Demographic factors determining population growth

fertility, mortality, migration

Replacement rate

TFR of 2.1

Demographic Transition Model Stage 1

High CBR, High CDR, Low NIR

Demographic Transition Model Stage 2

High CBR, rapid declining CDR, very High NIR

Demographic Transition Model Stage 3

Rapidly declining CBR, mod. declining CDR, mod. NIR

Demographic Transition Model Stage 4

Very low CBR, 0 or increasing CDR, 0 or - NIR

Possible DMT stage 5?

Very low CBR, increasing CDR, negative NIR

Epidemiologic Transition model 5 Stages

1. Pestilence and Famine

2. Receding pandemics

3. degenerative diseases

4. delayed degenerative + lifestyle diseases

(5? re-emergencing infectious disease)

Epidemic

sudden outbreak of disease rapidly diffusing in a community

Pandemic

sudden outbreak of disease rapidly diffusing globally

Endemic

disease that stays in particular area and does NOT spread through an entire region or community

Migration Transition

1. High seasonal Mobility

2. High international emigration and interregional migration rural to urban

3. High international immigration and intraregional migration from cities to suburbs

4. Same as stage 3

Thomas Malthus proposed his theory in _____ during the _______ ______

1798, Industrial Revolution

Malthusian theory

population growth is exponential and food supply is arithmetic

When women get ___(3) their fertility rates and IMR decrease

- access to education

- access to family planning (contraceptives!)

- access to jobs

Aging Populations ESP consequences

Economic: companies struggle to find young workers, gov use money to support old

Social: society shift to elderly service, family care for old

Political: elderly voting bloc, pro-natalist policies, gov elderly care systems

Top reason why people migrate

Jobs

Refugee

ppl forced to leave country and have crossed an international border

Asylum seeker

left home and seeking refugee status in another country

Internally displaced person (IDP)

person forced to leave bc of armed conflict, violence, disaster, but has NOT crossed an international border

Voluntary Migration Types

Transnational, Transhumance (seasonal livestock), Chain, Step, Guest Workers, Rural to Urban

Effects of Migration EP

Economics: immigrants accept primary sector jobs, do heavy lifting, and boost economy by spending + also send remittances home and boost home country economy

Political: more political power for southern /western states in Sunbelt Migration

Culture

shared practices, attitudes, behaviors, history/background by a society

Modern culture is ______ and exists in _______ countries diffusing through _______ diffusion

heterogenous, developed, contagious + hierarchical

Folk culture is ______ and exists in _______ countries and diffuses through _____ diffusion

homogenous, developing, relocation

Cultural relativism

- looks at a culture by using that culture's perspective, understands it more

Ethnocentrism

looks at a culture by standards of one's own culture, can cause xenophobia (fear of ppl from other countries)

Sequent occupancy

cultures over time leave marks on a place

______, ______, _______ contribute to sense of place and are centrifugal or centripetal forces.

Language, ethnicity, religion

Imperialism

powerful state enacts policies to extend power over another state, either by military force to gain economic and political power NOT necessarily by establishing settlements (ideology)

Colonialism

state establish settlements in other places for economic or political gain

First wave of European Imperialism

British to US (english) Spain to Central America (spanish) portugal to Brazil (portuguese is main language in Brazil)

Second Wave of European Imperialism

europeans (like france) conquered africa countries

Lingua Franca

common language adopted by ppl of many different language to communicate (english is global lingua Franca)

Creolization

two or more languages combined to form a new distinct one (afrikaans)

Large Scale Forces of Cultural Diffusion

Globalization (interdepending of ppl throughout world on each-other economically, politically, socially) + Urbanization (influence of cities, cities are diverse)

Universalizing religions (_____, ______, _______, ______) are spread through expansion (______) and _______ diffusion.

Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, contagious/relocation

Ethnic religions (_____, ______) are generally found near hearth or spread thru ______ diffusion.

Hinduism, Judaism, relocation

Shia vs Sunni

Shia - relatives ; Sunni - worthy ppl should be leaders

Language family

share common ancestral language

Language family broken into

language branches and then language groups

Sovereignty

control over internal + foreign affairs

Nation-State

sovereign state that closely follows a homogenous population with a shared culture and history

Autonomous region

region within a state that has high degree of autonomy from state

Balkanization

state breaks up into multiple states, usually driven by ethnic or religious conflicts

territoriality

the emotional, and political connection individuals or groups (states) have to a specific geographic area / enforced through political forces or military

Neocolonialism

the use of political, cultural, economic power to influence or control other countries (transnational corp. can do this too!)

Subsequent boundary

boundary that develops along with development of cultural landscape

Consequent boundaries

specific type of subsequent boundary that separates groups based on differences in ethnicity, religion, or language to reduce conflict

Defined vs Delimited vs Demarcated

boundary set politically (document) vs process of drawing boundary on map vs process of marking a boundary (border wall or sign)

Territorial Waters

(12 naut. miles) - regulate passage of ships

Contiguous zone

(12-24 m) - laws on pollution, taxation, customs + immigration

Exclusive Economic Zone

(24-200m) - state has sole use to any resources here

Unitary states

(central gov has main power) geographically smaller + more homogenous, more sense of national identity, can address big problems but not local problems quicker

Federal state

power is shared btwn local governments

Devolution

transfer of power from national gov to regional (or state breaks up into multiple smaller states)

Factors of Devolution

- Physical Geography

- Culture

- Ethnic Separatism: when a person or ethnic group starts to identify more as their own ethnic group than as a citizen of state (often group wants more autonomy / political pwer)

- Ethnic Cleansing - gov attacks ethnic group in state to push ppl out of state (either by mass incarceration or genocide)

- Terrorism

- Economic/social problems

- Irredentism

Democratization

political regime becomes more democratic

Stateless nation

- nation that has history of self-determination but no recognized state

Ethnic nationalist movement

group wanna separate themselves and want control over specific ethnicity or nationality

Failed state

- government no longer viewed as legitimate and fails to function

Tropical

(sub-saharan africa, indonesia, top of south America: coffee, sugar, pineapple

Subtropical

(india, central america): rice, cotton, tobacco

Dry

(west US, North Africa, Middle east): cattle ranching

Mediterranean

(cali, chile, medit. sea): horticulture, grape olive date

Warm Mid Latitude

(south china, us): veggies, fruits, rice

Cold Mid latitude

(north us + china, russia): dairy, wheat

GMO (genetically modified organism)

an organism whose genome has been modified to promote specific desirable traits that allow for increased production in either livestock farming or crops

Intensive Agricultural Practices

less land, more capital + labor, traditionally closer to larger population centers (needs more work + effort to get highest yield possible)

Extensive Agricultural Practices

less labor + capital, more land (lower yield, farther away from larger population centers)

Intensive Agricultural Practices Examples

- Plantation Agriculture: tropical peripheries (cash crop: tobacco, tea, sugar)

- Mixed Crop and Livestock: in MDCs (corn, soybeans to feed animals)

- Market Gardening (truck farming): se US

Extensive Agricultural Practices Examples

- Shifting cultivation (tropical latin america, se asia, sub-saharan africa)

- Nomadic Herding (central asia or sw asia + north africa)

- Ranching (dry cheap land)