Flash Cards

Period from 1300s-1600s in which Europeans emphasized art, classical history, creativity, education, and innovation.

Renaissance

Belief that people should focus on their powers of reason to explain the world, not only religion.

humanism

Introduced movable type to western Europe in the 15th century; expanded the availability of printed materials.

Johannes Gutenberg

German Catholic monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation and emphasized faith for salvation.

Martin Luther

Catholic Church’s practice of forgiving someone’s sins or decreasing punishment.

indulgence

Protestant Christian belief that god already knows if a person will be “saved” before birth.

predestination

Protestant religion based in England; made the English monarch the head of the Church.

Anglicanism

Protestant Christian who wanted to reform the Church of England and emphasized education.

Puritan

Movement to make changes to the Catholic Church in response to the Protestant Reformation.

Catholic Counter Reformation

Attempt to remove challenges to the Catholic Church in Spain by investigating different religious views.

Spanish Inquisition

Branch of Catholic priests dedicated to education, missions, scholarship, and defending the Catholic Church.

Jesuit

Document written by Martin Luther that challenged specific practices of the Catholic Church.

95 Theses

Religious ceremony representing an important event; Catholics believe in seven sacraments.

sacrament

1598 decision by French King Henry IV to give more religious freedoms to Protestants.

Edict of Nantes

Part of the French bureaucracy; represented the king in specific parts of the kingdom.

intendant

Trading companies that obtained government monopolies of trade to India and Asia.

East India Companies

Movement of food, animals, ideas, and people between the New World and the Old World.

Columbian Exchange

Economic system in which colonies support the Mother Country by producing raw materials.

mercantilism

System in which a farmer paid for someone to travel to the Americas in exchange for labor.

indentured servitude

System of slavery as a condition inherited from parents rather than a punishment.

chattel slavery

Spanish class system developed in New Spain based on different ethnicities.

casta system

Grants of land and indigenous laborers given to Spanish conquerors in Latin America.

encomienda system

Plantation system in New Spain using coerced labor from workers owed money to landowners.

hacienda system

Forced removal of African people to other parts of the world as forced labor.

African Diaspora

Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion and rights for indigenous peoples.

Bartolomé de las Casas

Last independent Aztec ruler, killed during Cortés' conquest.

Moctezuma II

Large armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain.

galleons

1494 agreement dividing land claims between Spain and Portugal.

Treaty of Tordesillas

System of transporting raw materials, manufactured goods, and enslaved people between regions.

Triangular Trade

Company owned by multiple investors to divide risk and profits.

joint stock company

Route by which slave traders transported enslaved people from Africa to the Americas.

Middle Passage

System of controlling small areas of land and port cities to control trade.

trading post empire

Term for Portuguese sugar plantation focused on producing high sugar yields.

engenho

Process of combining elements of different cultures into new religions and languages.

syncretism