TEAS A&P

nasal cavity

warms/humidfies/filters air via mucus + air

bronchi

(left and right) main air passages branching trachea into lungs

bronchioles

smaller branches of bronchial airway (terminal > respiratory > alveoli)

type 2 cells

cuboiddal cells that secrete surfactant (lowers surface tension)

conducting zone

(anatomical deadspace) transports air from outside to alveoli

incr co2

incr h+ and acidity

decr co2

decr h+ and alkaline

inspiration

diaphragm + external intercostal contract (moves down), thoracic vol incr + pressure decr

expiration

diaphragm + external intercostal relax (moves up), thoracic vol decr + pressure incr

hyperventilation

incr o2 (hyperoxia), decr co2 (hypocapnia) - basic pH

hypoventilation

decr o2 (hypoxia), incr co2 (hypercapnia) - acidic pH

perfusion

delivering blood to tissue/organs/cells

blood

carries o2/co2, maintain homeostasis (pH, temp, osmotic pressure), transport hormones/nutrients

arteries

carries o2 rich blood AWAY from heart

veins

carry o2 poor blood towards heart

pulmonary veins

only veins that carry o2 rich blood

capillaries

site of gas exchange for o2 and co2

atria

thin walls

ventricles

thick walls

coronary arteries

branch of aorta, delivers o2 and nutrients to heart

coronary veins

returns o2 poor blood to right atrium via coronary sinus

interarterial septum

thin muscle consisting of fossa ovalis and limbus

interventricular septum

thick muscle consisting of membranous + muscular portion

heart septums

separate o2 rich and o2 poor blood btwn chambers

SA node

pacemaker at right atrium, starts electrical impulse (atrial contraction)

bachmann bundle

signal from SA node to left atrium

internodal pathways

conveys impulse from SA to AV node

AV node

2nd pacemaker, delays signal from SA node so atria contraction can fill ventricle

bundle of His

only route btwn atria and venticles

right and left bundle branches

sends signal to ventricles

purkinje fibers

connect w myocytes, initiates depolarization > contraction of muscle cells

P wave

atrial contraction/depol/systole

QRS complex

ventricle contraction/depol/systole

T wave

ventricule repol/relaxation

systolic pressure

contraction of ventricle/”lub”

• peak pressure in arteries when heart contractions

diastolic pressure

relaxation of heart/ “dub”, when heart is relaxed btwn beats

diastolic pressure

measures resistance to blood flow within arrteries > incr diast BP = narrow arteries

PNS

gathers sensory information for CNS

midbrain

alertness (auditory/visual reflexes), sleep/wake cycle, motor activities/movement

autonomic nervous system

internal temperature, GI function, excretory/endocrine, cardiac muscle activity

mechanical digestion

teeth, peristalsis, stomach churning

chemical digestion

saliva, HCl, pepsin

where is carbs digested

mouth first (salivary amylase), duodenum/small intestine next (pancreatic amylase)

where is protein digested

stomach first (pepsin), small intestine next (trypsin)

where is fat digested

duodenum/small intestine (bile + pancreatic lipase)

ascending colon

water and salt absorption, solidifies stool

transverse colon

longest area of large intestine, cont to absorb salt and water

descending colon

stores feces until defecation, absorbs last of h2o and salt

rectum

stores feces until expelled by anus

lower esophageal spincter

separates esophagus from stomach

pyloric sphincter

separates stomach from duodenum

pancreas

produces juice to neutralize chyme, insulin + glucagon production

gastrin

stimulates gastric glands to secrete pepsinogen (will get activated by HCl to make pepsin)

gastrin is secreted by

G cells in stomach

secretin

stimulates bicarbonate production (pH regulation), produced in small intestine

cholecystokinin

stimulates bile secretion in gallbladder

secretin

hormone produced by pancreas that stimulates bicarbonate production (pH regulation) in duodenum

cytokine

proteins that act as immune messengers, telling cells what to do

NK cells

(innate immune resp) type of WBC that kills abnormal body cells

antigen presenting cells

dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells

apnea

absence of respiration

tachypenia

rapid respiration