Emotion/Motivation for Quiz on 11/15 | PSYC 102

Emotion

a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity

Schacter and Singer Theory

Events --> Physiological Change --> Interpreted based off environment

- Interpretation leads to emotional response

Role of the amygdala

Fast and sensitive threat detector

- Responds before the cortex; direct pathway from the thalamus to the amygdala

Six universal Facial Expression

- Happy

- Sad

- Anger

- Afraid

- Surprise

- Disgust

facial feedback hypothesis

- Emotions cause facial expressions

- Expressions can also cause emotions

evidence that facial expressions are innate

- Cross-Cultural

- People born blind still use them

- Difficult to fake

Duchenne Smile

a genuine smile that involves crinkle around the eyes

- Controlled by a different brain area than consciously controlled muscles; remember the stroke victims

Framing Effects

People evaluate things from a reference point

- One person may be happy with a B on an exam, yet another person may be unhappy

Motivation

Factors that initiate, direct, and sustain goal-directed behavior over time.

Issues with studying motivation

- Can't observe/measure it

- Can ask people about motivations but they could lie or not know their motivations

- hard to induce motivation in another

Drive Reduction Theory

Need to maintain physiological balance; homeostasis

- When balance of our physiological setpoint, we are driven to restore it

Primary Drives

- Food

- Water

- Shelter

- Sleep

Secondary Drives

Money

- Things that allow us to obtain primary drives

Arousal Theory

Everyone has an optimal level of physiological arousal; this varies from person to person

- We are motivated to maintain our optimal level of arousal

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Low and High arousal leads to poor performance; we need to be somewhere in the middle

Incentive Theory

Motivated from the lure of rewards or threat of punishment

- Strength of the incentive is very important

- Remember: something that is an incentive to one person may not be for another

Characteristics of people with high need for achievement

- Set challenging but realistic goals

- Seek success and are very satisfied by it

- Risk failure

- Want to do things themselves

- Want feedback from competent critics

Characteristics of people with low need for achievement

- Less satisfied by success

- Want to avoid failure

Physiological needs (Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs)

food, water, warmth, rest, shelter

Safety and Security needs (Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs)

Health, employment, property, social ability

Love and belongingness needs (Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs)

Intimate relationships, friends, family

Esteem needs (Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs)

prestige and feeling of accomplishment

Self-Actualization (Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs)

achieving one's full potential, including creative activities