Pysch Chapt 3

Developmental Milestones

Dynamic Systems Theory

Describes behavior as the result of self organizing

Synaptic Blooming/Pruning

In early development, many new connections are formed, the blooming, and then pruned to be more effective.

Habituation/Dishabuation

Becoming used to a stimuli, and then becoming reminded when a new unexpected stimuli occurs.

Preferential Looking Technique

Robert Franz. A technique used on infants; if an infant looks at one stimulus longer than another, they can differentiate and have preference between them

Infantile Amnesia

It is impossible for anyone to have any memories from before the age of about 2

Attachment

Bowlby. A theory that states infants require a strong attachment to a caregiver to be healthy.

Harlow’s Surrogate Study

Using infant monkeys, Harlow proved that the attachment to a caregiver is more about warmth and comfort, not food. The monkeys wanted soft mom, not scary food robot mom.

Strange Situation Test

A test that measured responses in infants to a ‘strange situation’ with variations on who was present in the room with them. Displayed the 3 attachment styles; secure, avoidant, and anxious.

3 Attachment Styles

Secure (caregiver is trusted, a base of security), anxious (reaction to caregiver is clingy and insecure), avoidant (avoiding or ignoring the caregiver)

Schemas

The ways in which we organize the world and form ideas of things.

Assimilation and Accommodation

Adopting new ideas into an existing schema

Creating a new schema.

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor, preopertional, concrete operational, and formal operational

Sensorimotor

Piaget. Exploring with the senses. Learns of self, causality, and object permanence.

Preoperational

Piaget. Language developmental, uses of symbolic thought. Egocentrism and lack of Theory of Mind. Centration, the inability to focus on more than one dimension.

The Concrete Operational Stage

Piaget. The ability to imagine an action, and the reversal of that action. Understands cause and effect, and hypothetical questions.

Formal Operational

Piaget.The ability to think abstractly and use systemic deductive logic.

Morality

Consists of the cognitive ability to judge right from wrong and consider motivations and consequences.

Inequity Aversion

The natural dislike of unfairness.

Kohlbergs Moral Reasoning

Preconventional: Self interest, immediate outcomes

Conventional: Societal rules and social approval

Post Conventional: Abstract principles and the value of life

Adolescent Identity Developement

Physical appearance change, increased cognitive ability (introspection), mountain social pressures.

If exploring and not decided = Moratorium

If not exploring and decided = foreclosure

Emotion, Mood, Affect

Emotions are moment to moment. Mood is the persistent, long term state. Affect is the synonym for both.

Somatic Markers

The combative or self preserving sensations.

Circumplex Model

Valence: Positive-Negative, x axis

Arousal: High-Low, y axis

Emotional Process

Physiological Reaction leads to behavioral response leads to feeling

James-Lange Theory

In response to stimuli, the body will respond, then the emotional response, and the feeling is dictated by the emotional expression- directly linked to Facial Feedback Hypothesis. Not correct.

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

The theory that your expression can influence your emotions. “Sad because you cry”.

Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

Stimulus leads to an undifferintiated physiological response, which is then attributed and associated with the appropriate emotional response.

Maslows Hierarchy

Physiological (base needs), Safety (security, freedom), Belonging (Acceptance, friendship), Esteem (Good self opinion), Self Actualization (Living to full self potential)

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Performance is most optimal when stress/arousal/anxiety are moderate

Motivational Issues

Self-Efficacy: The belief your efforts will move you to your goal

Achievement Motivation: Desire to compete to standards

Delayed Gratification: Discounting the future for now

Need to Belong: Motivation to make and maintain relationships

Social Comparison Theory

We are motivated to validate our own feelings by the reactions of others

Cognitive Dissonance

Anxiety caused by two conflicting opinions, causing one to change to maintain internal consistency

Self Determination

Competence, autonomy, relatedness

Misattribution of Arousal

The ‘arousal’ of the body is the same for fear, excitement, and sexual arousal. These can be mixed up and ‘confused’.

Marshmellow Test

Toddlers are told that they can wait and receive two marshmellows, or have just one now. Tests their delayed gratification.

Insufficient Justification Effect

Related to cognitive dissonance. If you are given a good excuse for inconsistent behavior, your attitude will not change. If given a poor excuse, your attitude will change to cope.

Elaboration Likelihood Model

A persuasive message will lead into either a central model (analytical, long change, system 2) or peripheral model (low effort, short change, system 1)

Mere Exposure Effect

Familiarity boosts favorability

The Sleeper Effect

Peripheral route effectiveness increases with time. Related to source amnesia.

Ingroup Favoritism

You like your own groups more and are more fair to them. Outgroups are ‘all the same’.

Social Facilitation/Loafing

Something you do well is enhanced when in a group. Something you do poorly is even worse when performed in a group.D

Deindividualization

Behavior that you would not normally have alone is brought upon you by a group. Mob mentality.

Conformity

Social Norms- Expected standards of conduct

Normative Influence- Motivation to fit in with the group

Informational Influence- Presumptions others know more

Milgrim Shock Experiment

An experiment in which an individual is pushed into giving a (faux) subject increasingly strong shocks until the point of ‘death’, when an authority figure is present. Most blame the authority figure. MUST be sequential.

Bystander Effect

When others could potentially help, an individual has a tendency not to.

Attribution

Causal explanations for peoples behavior.

Personal Internal Attribution

The assumption someone has earned what they have from hard work

Situational External Attribution

The assumption someone has what they do from environmental conditions

Fundamental Attribution Error

The strong tendency of people to blame the person in a situation instead of their situational factors. Noticeably not applicable when the person is friend or family.

Actor/Observer Discrepancy

When I make a mistake, there’s always a valid excuse. When someone else makes a mistake, its their own fault.

Compliance

Altering behavior because of another’s request

Obedience

Altering behavior due to an authority figure

Just-World Bias

The faux belief that the world is just and people get what they deserve, good or bad.

Low Balling

The influencer secures an agreement to a good deal, then replaces the offer with a less favorable one. Often effective.

Foot-in-the-door Technique

If you can get someone to agree to do something small, like give a dollar, it is much more likely they will then agree to a much more major task, like 50 dollars.

OR, asking for something huge, like 300 dollars, to the same effect.

A-not-B Error

Piaget. Infants make the mistake of looking under A even after seeing the object moved under B.

Plutchiks Wheel

8 core emotions, ranging in intensity from mild to extreme.