1 - Orientation

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Last updated 3:56 PM on 6/17/26
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17 Terms

1
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Pituitary gland alternate name

Hypophysis

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What parts are make up the pituitary gland and what are they?

  1. Adenohypophysis, a glandular tissue that receives blood from the hypophyseal portal system

  2. Neurohypophysis, more of a storage tissue that releases when neurons in the hypothalamus fires

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What are the steps of the HPG axis?

  1. Hypothalamus secretes GnRH

  2. Anterior pituitary releases LH and FSH

  3. LH and FSH act on gonads

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What is the result of the HPG axis?

  • The production of sex hormones and gametes, along with maintaining secondary sex characteristics

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What are the steps of the HPA axis?

  1. Hypothalamus releases CRH

  2. Anterior pituitary releases ACTH

  3. ACTH acts on the adrenal glands to produce cortisol

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What is the result of the HPA axis?

  • Cortisol raises blood sugar, suppresses the immune system

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What are the steps of the HPT axis?

  1. Hypothalamus releases TRH(Thyrotropin releasing hormone)

  2. Anterior pituitary receives TRH and releases TSH(Thyroid stimulating hormone)

  3. TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to make T4 and T3

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What is the final result of the HPT axis?

  • Metabolic rate, brain/bone development

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What are the steps of the HPP axis?

  1. Hypothalamus releases dopamine which suppresses prolactin release

  2. Once the hypothalamus is suppressed and dopamine isn’t released, prolactin travels to breast tissue and stimualtes milk production

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What is the final result of the HPP axis?

  • Lactation

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What are the steps of the HPS axis?

  1. Hypothalamus releases GHRH which travels to the anterior pituitary

  2. Anterior pituitary releases GH

  3. GH acts on the liver to cause IGF-1 production

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What is the final result of the HPS axis?

  • Growth of tissue, bone, and muscle

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What suppresses GH release?

  • Somatostatin

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Why do we not measure hypophysiotropic hormones in blood?

  • They are released in very small amounts in the closed off hypophyseal portal system

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When do we use a stimulation and suppression test?

  • Stimulation: If we suspect a hormone deficiency

  • Suppression: If we suspect a hormone excess

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Define subclinical

  • Measured abnormality but no overt clinical symptoms

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High LH and FSH but low estrogen signals…

Menopause