Topic 13, 14, & 15 Review: The Modern Era, The World Today, and Human Rights

A complete set of vocabulary flashcards covering the Middle East, African history, modern global issues, and historical human rights violations based on the lecture notes.

Islamic Fundamentalism

An anti-westernization movement that pushes for the abolishing of secular political systems, limits women's rights, and rejects modern technology such as the internet and television.

Zionism

A movement stating that Judaism is not just a religion but an ethnicity entitled to return to a homeland promised to them $3000$ years ago.

War of Independence (1948)

The first Arab-Israeli war which occurred in $1948$ when Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Saudi Arabia invaded Israel, leading to over $700,000$ Arab refugees.

Gamal Abdel Nasser

The leader of Egypt during the Cold War who ended British control and utilized Soviet funding to build the Aswan High Dam.

PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization)

Formed in $1964$, this group aimed to create an independent Palestinian state through the use of guerrilla warfare and terrorist attacks.

Intifada

The Arabic word for "uprising," referring to a movement of widespread disobedience, boycotts, and attacks on Israeli soldiers by Palestinians.

Camp David Accords

A peace agreement brokered by Jimmy Carter where Egypt recognized Israel's right to exist in exchange for the return of the Sinai Peninsula.

Oslo Peace Accords

A $1993$ agreement where Yasser Arafat renounced terrorism and Israel granted Palestinians in the Gaza Strip and West Bank limited self-rule.

Hamas

A political party elected in $2006$ known for social services and the use of rockets and suicide bombings against Israel.

Israeli Settlements

A movement of Israelis moving into occupied Palestinian territories for religious, territorial, or economic reasons, often dividing Palestinian communities.

Ayatollah Khomeini

The leader who took control of Iran during the Iranian Revolution, establishing a theocracy hostile to the West and requiring strict adherence to Islamic fundamental beliefs.

Muhammad Reza Pahlavi

The leader of Iran overthrown in the Iranian Revolution due to his westernization and modernization of the country and cooperation with the U.S. and Great Britain.

Saddam Hussein

A dictator in Iraq who led the nation into war with Iran and the invasion of Kuwait in $1990$.

Persian Gulf War

A conflict where the U.S. and its allies defeated Iraq and liberated Kuwait after its oil fields were seized.

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

The leader who westernized Turkey, enacted reforms based on Western models, and increased rights for women.

Arab Spring

A series of pro-democracy uprisings in late $2010$ across the Middle East and North Africa sparked by irritation with authoritarian rule and corruption.

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)

An organization formed in $1960$ by Iraq, Kuwait, Venezuela, Iran, and Saudi Arabia to control production levels and set prices for oil.

Apartheid

A system in South Africa established in $1948$ that mandated segregation and required black Africans and other nonwhites to live in specific zones.

Nelson Mandela

A leader of the ANC who was imprisoned for life in $1964$, became a symbol of the anti-apartheid struggle, and was elected president of South Africa in $1994$.

Truth and Reconciliation Commission

A court-like body established by Nelson Mandela to hear testimony and grant amnesty for crimes related to human rights violations.

Cultural Globalization

The exchange and diffusion of cultural practices, values, and norms across borders, often leading to the spread of Western consumer brands and lifestyles.

Human Trafficking

The recruiting and transporting of people for the purposes of slavery, forced labor, servitude, or the global sex trade.

Refugees

A group of people who migrate to a different nation to receive protection from threats in their homeland.

Urbanization

The movement of people from rural areas to cities to find jobs and escape poverty.

Green Revolution

The use of technology, irrigation, and pesticides to increase and improve global food output, which saved India from potential famine.

Norman Borlaug

The individual who transported a miracle seed throughout India and taught farming techniques to increase food supply.

Information Age

Also known as the "Computer Revolution," this era began in the $1950s$ with the rapid spread of information via a global computer network known as the internet.

Desertification

The change from arable land into deserts, often caused by overgrazing livestock and the destruction of forests.

Genocide

The mass killing of a specific group based on ethnicity, religion, or political beliefs.

The Holocaust

A mass genocide by Nazi leader Adolf Hitler resulting in the deaths of $11$ million people, including $6$ million Jews.

United Nations (UN)

An international organization providing a forum for peace, international peacekeeping forces, and support for the struggle for human rights.

Augusto Pinochet

A Chilean dictator who overthrew the president in a $1973$ coup, establishing a repressive regime that lasted for $17$ years.

Pol Pot

The leader of the Cambodian communist guerrillas who killed more than a million Cambodians in the "killing fields."

Great Purge

Joseph Stalin's consolidation of power in the $1930s$, characterized by expelling, executing, or sending enemies to Gulag labor camps.

Reign of Terror

A phase of the French Revolution led by Maximilien Robespierre which involved the immediate execution of anyone suspected of being an internal enemy.