CH.7 hematology and immunology

eosinophill(wbc)

pink/red granules in cytoplasm, has two lobes - relase chemicals that destroy foreign cells

basophil (wbc)

large granules in cytoplasm and stain dark blue to purple -releases histamine

lymphocyte (wbc)

has no granules in cytoplasm

monocyte (wbc)

largest leukocyte, has no granules in cytoplasm

thrombocytes

cell fragments, begin in the red marrow as stem cells; crucial to blood clotting

plasma

liquid component of blood; clear straw-colored liquid that makes up half the blood

tissues of the lymphatic system

tonsils, adenoids, peyer patches, appendix

organs of lymphatic system

thymus, spleen

thymus

helps lymphoblasts from red marrow mature into T lymphocytes

spleen

recycles erythrocytes, stores whole blood, and contains B and T lymphocytes

blood clot

strands of fibrin that trap erythrocytes to from a blood clot; disintegrates after 24-48 hours

local reaction

causes redness, swelling and itching in one area

systemic reaction

causes symptoms in one or more body systems

phagocytosis

monocyte white blood cells that will destroy rod shaped bacteria that are causing infection

natural killer cells (NK)

recognize cancer cells or viral infected cells and destroy them

B cells

turn to plasma cells and make antibodies when presented with pathogen fragments

cytotoxic T

cells kill viral-infected cells

helper T

cells stimulate cytotoxic T cell production

memory T

cells remember a virus later on exposure

suppressor T

cells limit the immune response

monocytes

engulf microorganisms and pathogens covered with antibodies and release chemicals

interferons

produce antiviral substances and stimulate NK cells

interleukins

stimulate B cells, T cells and NK cells, also produces fever

tumor necrosis factor

destroy endotoxins produces by bacteria and kills caner cells

antibodies

produces by B cells when they change to plasma cells; antibodies coat the surface of an invading cells

IgA

immunoglobulin A; antibody that secretes tears, saliva, mucus, and breast milk on the skin

IgD

immunoglobulin D; activates the B cell to become the plasma cell

IgE

immunoglobulin E; cause the basophil to release histamine during an allergic reaction

igG

immunoglobulin G; antibody that provides active immunity; during pregnancy it crosses the placenta and provides passive immunity to the fetus

IgM

immunoglobulin M; antibody that is produced by plasma cells during exposure to a pathogen

hemorrhage (blood disease)

loss of a lot of blood, internally or externally from a disease or injury

pancytopenia (blood disease)

decreased numbers of all types of blood cells due to failure of the red bone marrow to produce stem cells

septicemia (blood disease)

bacterial infection in the tissues or an organ that spreads to the blood

anemia

decrease in the number of erythrocytes

alpastic anemia

failure of the red bone marrow to produce erythrocytes

Folic acid deficiency anemia

deficiency of a folic acid in the diet

pernicious anemia (PA)

lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream

Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA)

a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in red blood cells that assume an abnormal sickle shape

transfusion reaction

reaction that occurs when a patient receives a blood transfusion with the wrong blood type

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

severe infection causes by the human

leukemia

cancer of cells in the red bone marrow

mononucleosis

infectious disease marked by increased numbers of mononuclear leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes

multiple myeloma

cancer of B cells lymphocytes

deep venous thrombosis (DVT)

A blood clot that forms in a vein located deep inside your body, typically in the leg

deep vein thrombosis

blood clot forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

severe disorder of blood clotting

hemophilia

lack or a deficiency of a specific clotting factor

thrombocytopenia

deficiency in the number of thrombocytes

graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)

immune reaction of donor tissue (graft) agains the recipient (host)

lymphadenopathy

enlarged lymph nodes

lymphedema

generalized swelling of an arm or leg that occurs after lymph nodes have been removed

lymphedema

generalized swelling

hodgkin lymphoma

most common type of lymphoma

non-hodgkin lymphoma

a group of several different lymphomas that occur in older adults and do not contain Sternberg cells

thymoma

tumor of the thymus

diabetes mellitus (DM) type 1

affects pancreas

graves disease

affects the thyroid

Hashimoto thyroiditis

affects the thyroid

gluten sensitivity enteropathy

affects the intestines

inflammatory bowel disease

affects the intestines

myasthenia gravis (MG)

affects the muscle

rheumatoid arthritis

affects the joints

scleroderma

affects the skin and blood vessels

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

affects the connective tissue, skin, kidneys, and lungs

blood smear

blood is spread as thin as a smear on a glass side; test to investigate an abnormal result from blood count

complete blood count (CBC)

group of blood tests that are performed and measures hematocrit and hemoglobin

coagulation time tests

measure the length of time it takes blood to clot

ACT

activated clotting time

PTT

partial thromboplastin time

PT

prothrombin time

INR

international normalized ratio

blood chemistries

blood test to determine the levels of various substances in the blood

Ferritin

blood test that measures storage of iron

CD4 count

blood test that measures number of helper T cell lymphocytes

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

first screening tests for HIV

OraSure

Quick test done in a doctor's office to detect antibodies to HIV in the saliva

p 24 antigen test

Detects P 24, which is a protein in HIV, used to test donated blood for HIV

viral RNA load test

HIV test that measures the amount of HIV present as high, medium, or low to monitor disease progression.

Western blot

used to confirm a positive ELISA test result to that a diagnosis of HIV can be made

monospot

serum test for mononucleosis

RAST

blood test that measures the amount of IgE produced each time the blood is mixed with a specific allergen

serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP)

amount of each of the immunoglobulins

urine protein electrophoresis

tests for multiple myeloma that determines the amount of Bence Jones protein

lymphangiography

radiologic procedure to study the lymph vessels

blood transfusion

whole blood or cells are taken from a donor and infused into a patient

phlebotomy

tourniquet on the arm and needle and vacuum tube to draw a sample of blood from a vein

plasmapheresis

procedure in which plasma is separated from the blood cells

stem cell transplantation

Procedure used to replace cells destroyed by cancer treatment

anticoagulants

prevent blood clot formation

antiretroviral drug

Treats HIV and AIDS and is given orally.

nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor drug

Antiretroviral drug that inhibits reverse transcriptase, an enzyme that HIV needs to reproduce itself

Thrombolytic Drugs

plasmin digests the fibrin strands to dissolve a blood clot

bone marrow aspiration

removal of small sample of bone marrow by needle from iliac crest of the hip bone

Bone Marrow Transplantation

Procedure to replace damaged bone marrow.

Lymph Node Biopsy

Removal of tissue from a lymph node using a fine needle to test for cancer cells in the node.

lymph node dissection

removal of possible cancer-carrying lymph nodes for pathologic examination

splenectomy

removal of the spleen

thymectomy

surgical removal of the thymus

lymphatic system

responsible for important body functions, producing blood cells, blood clots, and body's immune response

hematopoiesis

occurs in the red marrow of long bones and flat bones