Plant Pathology Exam 2 (chapter 2 Fungi)

saprophytes

biotrophs

necrotrophs

Fungi can be...

Hyphae

The branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi

Mycelium

densely branched network of the hyphae of a fungus

Mycology

study of fungi

septate

hyphae with cross walls

clamp connections

hyphal structures that help distribute nuclei during cell division in basidiomycetes

Haustoria

form from modified hyphae that take nutrients from host to supply others to host and water

intercellular hyphae

hyphae remain between cells

intracellular hyphae

hyphae enter into cells, haustoria produced in cells

spore

A reproductive cell with a hard, protective coating. important for survival and dispersal of fungi

plasmogamy

Fusion of the plasma membranes of two cells.

karyogamy

Fusion of two haploid nuclei to form a diploid nucleus.

meiosis

formation of 4 haploid nuclei from a single diploid nucleus

dikaryotic

having two haploid nuclei per cell, one from each parent, in a fungal mycelium

fruiting body

The reproductive structure of a fungus that contains many hyphae and produces spores

mycelia

spores

fruiting body - Ascomycota

mushrooms - Basidiomycota

rust coloring

Possible signs of fungal pathogen

Teleomorph

sexual state of a fungus

anamorph

asexual form of fungi

asexual stage

many plant disease are caused by what stage of fungi

imperfect fungi

informal category of fungi with no known sexual stage of reproduction

Sclerotium

hardened mass of mycelium that generally serves as an overwintering stage - has dark protective layer

higher fungi

What type of fungi are sclerotium mostly made by

Chlamydospores

thick-walled spores that are formed terminally or within hyphal segments

Rhizomorphs

survival structure that consist of a threadlike structure in fungi that absorbs and translates nutrients

stroma

survival structure that is a compact mass of hyphal cells enveloped by a melanized layer of rind cells

plasmodium

mycelium

yeast

types of thallus

Ascomycota and Basidiomycota

which fungi have septate hyphae? - High Fungi

Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota

which fungi are nonseptate - Low fungi

Chitin

True Fungi contain _______ in cell wall

Rhizomorphs and Sclerotia

other structures of Basidiomycota

Sclerotia and Stroma

other structures of Ascomycota

dikaryotic

Most Basidiomycota have the fungal mycelium composed of what hyphae

dikaryotic hyphae

clamp connections are mainly located where?

sexually

Basidiomycota mainly reproduce (sexually or asexually)?

externally on basidium

Where do basidiospores form?

Polypores

corticoids

fruiting body is flat and white. usually on smaller twigs and branches.

Gilled Mushrooms

Coprinus

a genus of Basidiomycota that includes shaggy looking white mushrooms

Rhizoctonia

A common soil fungus that sometimes causes plant diseases such as damping off, foot rot, and eyespot.

heartwood rot

any of several types of fungal decay of tree heartwood, often beginning with infected wounds in the living portions of wood tissue. Also called heart rot.

sapwood rot

Decay located in the sapwood. Bark and/or cambium may be damaged or dead. Signs of this classification of rot are usually numerous, but small, fruiting bodies along the bark's surface are common.

Armillaria root disease

cause death to trees under all types of stress by reducing absorption and translocation of water and minerals from the soil to the tree.

Mycelial fan

smuts and bunts

Urediniospores

A dikaryotic often reddish spore of most rust fungi. Urediniospores disperse widely, spreading infection within a host plant and to other plants. causes rusts

Rusts

Smuts and Bunts

Root and Stem Rot

Wood Rots

Symptoms of Basidiomycota

sorus (sori)

Raised, round spot on the underside of fern fronds that contain many sporangia.

Covered smut

Well-developed, persistent peridium surrounding sorus

Loose Smut

Thin, delicate peridium that ruptures easily to expose teliospores

internally in asci

where are sexual spores (ascospores) of Ascomycota produced

Conidiospores (conidia)

If fungi of Ascomycota reproduce asexually they produce ____________

n (haploid)

The mycelium of Ascomycota are composed of hyphae that are ____

stroma

fungal multicellular structure with think coating.

Dormancy Structure for overwintering

Perithecium can embed in the head of the stroma

Sclerotium

hardened mass of mycelium that generally serves as an overwintering stage

Melanin

dormancy structure

naked asci

Asci are not inside a fruiting body

Cleistothecium

associated with post harvest diseases - soft rots or molds

chasmothecium

associated with powdery mildew

Perithecium

Associated with ergot, DED, vascular wilts, and canker formations

Apothecium

Associated with fruit mummies in brown rot

Pseudothecium

associated with black knot, cankers, and shoot necroses

condiophore

a type of hypha that bears asexual spores called conidia

single conidiophores

associated with damping off, necrotic shoots, vascular wilt, and postharvest disease

Sporodochium

in some pathogens that cause necrotic shoot disease and cankers

Synnema

a mass of conidiophores grouped together

Coelomycetes

conidia produced in an enclosed structure

Acervulus

associated with anthracnose disease

Pycnidium

associated with leaf spot and blotching

Chytridiomycota

(chytrids) a primitive division of fungi that live in water and produce gametes with flagella

associated with black wart of potato

Zygomycota

bread molds

associated with soft rots

Myxomycota

plasmodial slime molds

Plasmodiophoromycota

a funguslike group of organisms, sometimes called the endoparasitic slime molds, characterized by the production of zoospores and plasmodia that are restricted to the cells of their host;

associated with clubroots

Oomycota

water molds

associated with late blight of potato, Albugo candida (white rust), downy mildews, and damping off

Albugo candida

White rust of crucifers