47 Beef Herd Health Lecture 2

1. passive (ex. colostrum)

2. active (ex. vaccination)

What are the two types of immunity that come with cattle?

Vaccine

What is the name of the product that uses antigen to stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against a specific agent?

Protection from vaccine occurs 10-14 days after vaccination

note: if it is a two/two+ dose series, it will be 10-14 days after the LAST DOSE

When does the vaccine actually confer immunity to the animal? How long after vaccination?

Adjuvant

What is the name of the chemical added to the vaccine that acts as an insoluble antigen containing depot, usually aluminum or oil emulsion, to stimulate an ongoing inflammatory response?

Killed and modified live

What are the two types of vaccines?

b. stimulate stronger response

c. cell mediated immunity

f. possibility of residual virulence

Select which of the following are true for modified live vaccines:

a. humoral immunity

b. stimulate stronger response

c. cell mediated immunity

d. safer

e. requires boostering

f. possibility of residual virulence

a. humoral immunity

d. safer

e. requires boostering

Select which of the following are true for killed vaccines:

a. humoral immunity

b. stimulate stronger response

c. cell mediated immunity

d. safer

e. requires boostering

f. possibility of residual virulence

Herd Health Vaccination Program

What is the name of the vaccination protocol in beef herds where target pathogens are identified, vaccines are selected, and management is changed to aid in prevention of spread of target pathogens, reviewed yearly?

Clostridium chauvoei

What is the causative agent of Blackleg in cattle?

a. blackleg

Clostridium chauvoei causes WHAT ISSUE in cattle:

a. blackleg

b. malignant edema

c. bacillary hemoglobinuria

d. tetanus

e. infectious hepatitis

f. enterotoxemia

Clostridium septicum

What is the causative agent of malignant edema in cattle?

b. malignant edema

Clostridium septicum causes WHAT ISSUE in cattle:

a. blackleg

b. malignant edema

c. bacillary hemoglobinuria

d. tetanus

e. infectious hepatitis

f. enterotoxemia

Clostridium novyi and hemolyticum

What is the causative agent of bacillary hemoglobinuria in cattle?

c. bacillary hemoglobinuria

Clostridium novyi AND hemolyticum causes WHAT ISSUE in cattle:

a. blackleg

b. malignant edema

c. bacillary hemoglobinuria

d. tetanus

e. infectious hepatitis

f. enterotoxemia

Clostridium tetani

What is the causative agent of tetanus in cattle?

Clostridium novyi

What is the causative agent of infectious hepatitis in cattle?

e. infectious hepatitis

Clostridium novyi ALONE causes WHAT ISSUE in cattle:

a. blackleg

b. malignant edema

c. bacillary hemoglobinuria

d. tetanus

e. infectious hepatitis

f. enterotoxemia

Clostridium perfringens B, C, and D

What is the causative agent of enterotoxemia in cattle?

f. enterotoxemia

Clostridium perfringen B, C and D causes WHAT ISSUE in cattle:

a. blackleg

b. malignant edema

c. bacillary hemoglobinuria

d. tetanus

e. infectious hepatitis

f. enterotoxemia

Ingestion of spores that are in soil

How do animals get sick with clostridium chauvoei (blackleg)?

Clostridium chauvoei (blackleg)

If a cow presents like this, which smells like rancid butter, where a couple calves have died in the last few days and more are limping, you know they have not been vaccinated for WHAT?

Bovine Herpesvirus 1

What is the causative agent of Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis?

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

A cow presents with rhinitis, tracheitis, pyrexia, and bilateral conjunctivitis with corneal opacity. What do you think is happening here?

Respiratory and reproductive

What systems are affected when a cow has infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, caused by bovine herpes virus 1?

Membranes of nasal passages and trachea

Where does bovine herpesvirus 1 replicate to cause infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in cattle?

Bovine viral diarrhea

What disease is caused by pestiviruses, with a cytopathic and noncytopathic biotype?

Noncytopathic biotype

Which biotype of bovine viral diarrhea causes reproductive birth defects and persistent infection in calves?

Cytopathic biotype

Which biotype of bovine viral diarrhea causes diarrhea and mucosal disease?

40-125 days of gestation

A calf infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus at WHAT DAY OF GESTATION will present as persistently infected?

30 day quarantine for new additions and test all for bovine viral diarrhea

How can you prevent bovine viral diarrhea from being introduced to a beef herd?

Virus isolation

What is the gold standard for diagnosing bovine viral diarrhea?

Virus isolation, ELISA, PCR, Serology, Immunohistochemistry

What are the different options to test for bovine viral diarrhea?

To test for persistently infected bovine viral diarrhea calves (using IHC)

Ear notching is done for what animals?

To see if they were transiently infected or if they are persistently infected themselves

Why do you need to test the dams of positive persistently infected calves with bovine viral diarrhea with immunohistochemistry or ELISA?

Prevent fetal exposure (vaccinate BEFORE pregnancy, when they are processed)

What is the goal of vaccinating for bovine viral diarrhea virus?

Predisposes respiratory tract to subsequent infection, part of shipping fever complex

Parainfluenza 3 itself causes mild respiratory infection. So why do we care about it?

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus

What commonly causes cows with "lobulated looking" pneumonia with heavy, wet lungs?

Bovine respiratory disease complex

What is this the definition of:

A complex illness often initiated via stress-induced immune dysfunction, advances with viral infection, and culminates with bronchopneumonia caused by bacterial species that are found in the nasopharynx of healthy cattle

Histophilus somni

What is the name of the opportunistic pathogen that requires breakdown of mucosal immunity due to stress in cattle (often feedlot), causing thrombomeningoencephalitis, respiratory, neuro, and myocarditis issues?

b. thrombotic meningoencephalitis

The following are all forms of histophilus somni. The vaccine is effective against WHICH FORM for feedlot cattle?

a. respiratory

b. thrombotic meningoencephalitis

c. neurological

d. myocarditis

Oxytetracycline

What antibiotic tends to be used for histophilus somni treatment in cattle?

Mannheimia hemolytica and Pasteurella multocida

What is the name of the two bacteria that naturally live in the upper resp. tract, but cause disease when they invade the lower respiratory tract with bovine respiratory disease complex?

Mycoplasma bovis

What is the name of the bacteria in cattle that does not have a cell wall and spreads via nose to nose contact, not causing disease unless it reaches the lower respiratory tract?

Upper

Mycoplasma bovis, Mannheimia hemolytica, and Pasteurella multocida do NOT cause disease as long as they remain in the upper OR lower respiratory tract of cattle

b. L. hardjo

What form of leptospira causes bovine abortion?

a. L. grippotyphosa

b. L. hardjo

c. L. canicola

d. L. autumnalis

Reproductive = infertility, abortion, weak calves

What system of the cow does Leptospira hardjo affect?

Reproductive

What system of the cow does Campylobacteriosis vibriosis affect?

b. Campylobacteriosis (vibriosis)

What is the name of the bacteria that infects female genitalia from bulls carrying and spreading the infection during mating, leading to infertility and abortion?

a. Mannheimia hemolytica

b. Campylobacteriosis (vibriosis)

c. Pasteurella hemolytica

d. Mycoplasma bovis

a. Tritrichomonas

What is the name of the flagellated protozoal organism that causes infertility in cows, spread by bulls during mating, causing high non-pregnancy rates in females?

a. Tritrichomonas

b. Campylobacteriosis (vibriosis)

c. Pasteurella hemolytica

d. Mycoplasma bovis

Tritrichomonas test BULLS, typically preputial scraping and PCR (so that don't spread it to females during mating)

There is no way to treat for tritrichomonas. What cattle do you test to prevent infection spread?

Tritrichomonas

What is this testing for?

Pink eye

What is the disease associated with Moraxella bovis?

Face flies

What spreads pinkeye in cattle?

Oxytetracycline, fly control, vaccine

What is the treatment of moraxella bovis in cattle?

Pink eye (moraxella bovis)

What is the top differential for something being spread by face flies in this cow?

Anaplasmosis (anaplasma marginale)

What is the name of the parasitic disease in cows that affects red blood cells, transmitted by biting insects/ticks mainly in adult cattle?

"Yellow bag" aka jaundice

What is the main symptoms of anaplasma marginale in affected cows?

Oxytetracycline or chlortetracycline (CTC) in feed

What do you use to treat anaplasma in cows?

Theileria orientalis

What is the name of the protozoa parasite in cows that infects red AND white blood cells, spread by longhorn ticks causing sudden death?

Theileria = red AND white blood cells

Anaplasma = red blood cells ONLY

What is the difference between what cells are affected with theileria versus anaplasma in cows?

Anaplasma = oxytetracycline or chlortetracycline, vaccine

Theileria = NO TREATMENT

What is the difference between the treatment for theileria and anaplasma in cattle?

Anaplasma = adults

Theileria = ANY AGE

What is the difference between the age of cattle affected with theileria versus anaplasma in cattle?

clostridium, pinkeye

MAYBE respiratory

What do you vaccinate preweaned calves (branding or turnout) for?

a. clostridium

d. pinkeye

What do you vaccinate preweaned calves (branding or turnout) for?

a. clostridium

b. mannheimia

c. deworm

d. pinkeye

e. leptospirosis

f. campylobacter

Clostridium, 4 way resp. (IBR, BVD, PI3, BRSV), Mannheimia, Pinkeye, Deworm

MAYBE implant

What do you vaccinate weaning calves (around 6 mo.) for?

a. clostridium

b. mannheimia

c. deworm

d. pinkeye

f. 4 way resp.

What do you vaccinate weaning calves (around 6 mo.) for?

a. clostridium

b. mannheimia

c. deworm

d. pinkeye

e. leptospirosis

f. 4 way resp.

4 way resp. (IBR, BVD, PI3, BRSV), Leptospirosis, Pinkeye, Deworm, Campylobacter

What do you vaccinate cows AND bulls for?

c. deworm

d. pinkeye

e. leptospirosis

f. 4 way resp.

note: the other one would be campylobacter

What do you vaccinate cows and bulls for?

a. BVD ear notch

b. mannheimia

c. deworm

d. pinkeye

e. leptospirosis

f. 4 way resp.

Blackleg, 4 way resp. (IBR, BVD, PI3, BRSV), leptospirosis, pinkeye, deworm, BVD ear notch test

What do you vaccinate replacement heifers for?

a. blackleg

c. BVD ear notch

d. pinkeye

e. leptospirosis

f. 4 way resp.

note: other one would be deworm

What do you vaccinate replacement heifers for?

a. blackleg

b. mannheimia

c. BVD ear notch

d. pinkeye

e. leptospirosis

f. 4 way resp.

Preconditioning

What is this the definition of:

Series of management practices like vaccination and improving nutrition to reduce stress from weaning and shipping to boost performance in post-weaning production phases and improve carcass performance

1. increase premium pay at auction and increase value of calf

2. increase calf health status

3. reduce stress from shipping at weaning

4. improve immune system, dec. morbitity/mortality

5. boost carcass performance

What is the goal of preconditioning calves?

45 day weaning period, vaccine, castration (knife cut), dehorn, bunk/waterer broke, nutrition program implementation

What are some things that happen to calves in the preconditioning program?

Cooled

You need to keep vaccines for cows frozen OR cooled

Knife cut (scalpel)

What is the preferred method of castrating cows?

Polled genetics

What type of genetics do you want to go for so you don't have to worry about dehorning?

1. physical exam

2. scrotal measurement

3. rectal palp.

4. motility

5. morphology

Name some things you do for a breeding soundness exam?

Calving dystocias, uterine prolapse, grass tetany

Name the things that are considered VETERINARY EMERGIENCIES IN CATTLE?

Dystocia

note: cut the head off, push the calf back in and pull the legs out

What is this emergency?

Retained placenta

What is this emergency?

Uterine prolapse (replace)

What is this emergency?

Vaginal prolapse (genetic, cull)

What is this emergency?

Grass tetany

What emergency is likely going on here?