hbs quiz 13 (3.2.1+3.2.2)

jungle rot

a foot condition caused by constant moisture similar to trench foot

caused when a mix of bacteria infect a wound on the skin

lesion

tissue destruction

pustule

a small blister or pimper on the skin containing pus

pathogen

a disease-causing organism

prions

any of various infectious proteins that are abnormal forms of normal cellular proteins

proliferate by inducing normal proteins to convert to the abnormal form that causes diseases, such as mad cow disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and kuru

infection of prions

How they infect: Exposure occurs through consumption of meat tainted with ____, through contaminated medical equipment, or by receiving corneas or organs from infected individuals. These infectious proteins cause normal proteins in the brain to fold abnormally.

diagnosis of prions

Diagnosis: MRI, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, electroencephalogram (EEG) which analyzes brain waves, and blood tests.

treatment of prions

Treatment: There is no cure for ____ diseases, but medications can slow the progression of the disease.

prevention of prions

Prevention: Properly cleaning and sterilizing medical equipment may prevent the spread of the disease. Educating ____-infected individuals about not donating organs or tissue.

viruses

non-living microscopic agents made up of an outer protein shell, called a capsid, and either DNA or RNA.

infection of viruses

How they infect: The method of infection depends on the type of ___. Infection may occur through touch, saliva, blood, or sexual contact. ____ cannot replicate on their own. To reproduce, they infect cells and take over the host cells’ protein synthesis processes. A side effect is that host cells and tissues are destroyed.

diagnosis of viruses

Diagnosis: Physical examination and clinical laboratory testing

treatment of viruses

Treatment: Antivirals may be used under certain circumstances. Over-the-counter treatments do not treat the infection but can sometimes relieve symptoms. These include pain relievers, decongestants, and cough syrups.

prevention of viruses

Prevention: Vaccines and proper personal hygiene.

bacteria

living, microscopic, unicellular, prokaryotic organisms

infection of bacteria

How they infect: The method of infection depends on the type of ___. Infection may occur through an orifice (nose, eyes, mouth), through a wound, by ingesting contaminated food or water, through inhalation, through sexual contact or may result due to an imbalance in our normal flora. ____ can invade cells, cause tissue damage, and produce harmful toxins.

diagnosis of bacteria

Diagnosis: Physical examination and clinical laboratory testing.

treatment of bacteria

Treatment: Antibiotics can be used to treat _____ infections.

prevention of bacteria

Prevention: Vaccines, maintenance of sanitary conditions, and proper personal hygiene.

protists

living, microscopic, single-celled, eukaryotic, animal-like organisms

infection of protists

How they infect: Infection typically results through the ingestion of food or water that has been contaminated with feces from an infected organism. ____ infect the digestive tract, blood, or organs of the body depriving a host of essential nutrients found in food. They can also cause tissue and organ damage.

diagnosis of protists

Diagnosis: Microscopic examination of fecal material to look for the presence of the ____.

treatment of protists

Treatment: Some infections can be treated with antiprotozoal medication.

prevention of protists

Prevention: Maintenance of sanitary conditions and proper personal hygiene.

helminths

living, multicullar, eukaryotic worms (microscopic and macroscopic)

infection of helminths

How they infect: The method of infection depends on the type of worm. Infection may occur through consumption of contaminated foods or water or by being bit by an infected insect. ____ deprive the host of essential nutrients found in food and can cause tissue and organ damage.

diagnosis of helminths

Diagnosis: Microscopic examination of fecal material or blood to look for the presence of the worms.

treatment of helminths

Treatment: Deworming medications.

prevention of helminths

Prevention: Varies depending on the type of worm, but includes avoiding:

-Exposure to food or water contaminated with feces from a person or animal infected with a worm

-Ingestion of meat from an animal infected with a worm

-Insect bites

fungi

living, multicellular, eukaryotic, organisms (microscopic and macroscopic)

infection of fungi

How they infect: Some forms infect when the spores of the ___, the reproductive cells, are inhaled or land on a host. Infection can result in tissue damage.

diagnosis of fungi

Diagnosis: Microscopic examination of tissue taken from the infected area, or blood taken from the host, to look for the presence of the ___.

treatment of fungi

Treatment: Antifungals

prevention of fungi

Prevention: Avoiding contact with an infected host.

parasite

living things that use other living things for food and a place to live

skin

first line of defense against pathogens

mucus

slimy fluid secreted by the mucus membranes that covers cells that line our respiratory and digestive systems and helps traps pathogens

columnar epithelium

a type of tissue consisting of single-layered, tall, column-shaped cells with elongated, basally located nuclei involved with secretion and absorbtion

cilia

tiny, antenna-like organelles found on the surface of skin cells (keratinocytes and Langerhans cells) that function as sensory hubs, regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and immune responses

goblet cells

a column-shaped cell found in the respiratory and intestinal tracts, which secretes the main component of mucus.

basal cells

small, round, stem-like cells located in the deepest part of the epidermis

epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous fatty tissue

three layers of skin

epidermis

the top layer of the skin that provides a barrier, makes new skin, and provides skin color

dermis

the middle layer of skin that contains collagen and elastin, grows hair, makes oil and sweat, and contains blood vessels and nerves endings

subcutaneous fatty tissiue

the bottom layer of the skin consisting of fat that cushions muscles and bones and helps to regulate body temperature

sepsis, severe sepsis, septic shock

three stages of sepsis

sepsis

the body's immune sytsem overreacts to an infection causing inflammation

severe sepsis

organs in the body begin to malfuction, blood pressure is low, and inflammation continues

septic shock

extremely low blood pressure that does not respond to IV fluids

inflammation

a localized physical condition in which part of the body becomes reddened, swollen, hot, and often painful, especially as a reaction to injury or infection

temperature, infection, mental decline, extremely ill

what does TIME stand for in terms of the symptomes of sepsis?

lymph node

any of the rounded masses of lymphoid tissue that are surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue, are distributed along the lymphatic vessels, and contain numerous lymphocytes which filter the flow of lymph passing through the node

lymph

a usually clear fluid that passes from intercellular spaces of body tissue into the lymphatic vessels

organs, ducts, lymph nodes

parts of lymphatic system

leukocytes

white blood cells, fight infection

lymphocytes

type of leukocyte

B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections

T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.

monocytes

type of leukocyte

differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells

granulocytes

type of leukocyte

consists of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

tonsils

help to stop germs entering the body through the mouth or the nose

contain leukocytes, which help kill germs

lymph nodes

glands in the immune system that usually enlarge in response to a bacterial or viral infection, or cancer

thymus

helps in the development of T-cells, a type of leukocytes that help fight infections

especiallly important in newborns; without a ____ a baby's immune system will not develop properly

bone marrow

produces new blood cells, both erythrocytes and leukocytes

B cells are formed here

liver

contributes to your immune defense by collecting and eliinating foreign compounds from the large volume of blood that passes through it

spleen

filters blood of foreign cells and old erythrocytes in need of replacement

lymphatic vessels

large vessels with valves, which collect and carry lymph to lymph nodes

no

is lymph fluid pressurized throughout your body?

innate immunity

non-specific immune defense mechanisms that people are born with. these mechanisms work to keep anything outsdie us from coming in

acquired immunity

specific immune defense mechanisms. this type of immunity is acquired over a lifetime.

there are two types:

- active immunity

- passive immunity

active immunity

type of acquired immunity

acquire after infection and recovery, or from a vaccine

there are two types:

- natural (from a natural disease)

- artifical (from a vaccine)

passive immunity

type of acquired immunity

acquired by a child from its mother through the placenta or through breast feeding

there are two types:

- natural (maternal antibody transfer)

- passive (antibody injections)

antigen

anything tat stimulated an immune response

b-cells

a type of lymphocyte that matures in the bone marrow and produces antibodies

antibodies

type of acquired immunity cell

a protein produced by B cells in the blood that works to impair pathogen. also called an immunoglobulin.

autoimmune disease

a disease in which the body attacks its own tissue as if it was foreign

prodromal

early signs or symptoms that precede the onset of a disease

rhinovirus

most frequent cause of the common cold

convalesce

to recover health gradually after sickness

neutrophil

type of granulocyte that is an innate immunity cell

a type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease

macrophage

innate immunity cell that is differentiated from monocyte

large white blood cell that removes bacteria, foreign particles, and dead cells

dendritic cell

innate immunity cell that is differentiated from monocyte

a specialized, bone marrow-derived immune cell that captures, processes, and presents antigens to T cells to initiate immune responses and maintain tolerance

helper T cell

acquired immunity cell

release cytokines to activate B cells (producing antibodies), Cytotoxic T cells (killing infected cells), and macrophages

cytotoxic T cell

acquired immunity cell

a type of lymphocyte that, when activated, kills infected cells as well as certain cancer cells and transplanted cells.

plasma B cell

acquired immunity cell

produces antibodies to fight an infection currently in the body

memory B cell

acquired immunity cell

a B cell that retains information about the shape of an antigen

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