Exam 3 Questions

Which liver lobe is the largest?

left

What are the most common cells in the liver?

Kupffer cells

Which cells produce insulin?

beta cells

Which of these is NOT a job for the spleen?

metabolizing fats

Which part of the ruminant stomach is the largest?

rumen

What makes it impossible for a horse to vomit?

Well developed cardiac sphincter

Which part of the ruminant stomach has a leaflet structure?

omasum

(DOUBLE CHECK TOPHAT)

Which species has prehensile lips to help it eat?

horse

What is the preganglionic receptor used for both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers?

cholinergic nicotinic receptors

What is the depolarization rate in the stomach?

16-20 times per minute

Which of these is NOT a function of the spleen?

Metabolism of fats

Where do the sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate from?

T1 and L2

What is the purpose of the rumen?

Uses bacteria to help break down cellulose into digestible products

Compared to other species, the equine (1 word) ______ is very short, and can actually be distinguished from the rest of the small intestine due to its thicker walls, making it firmer on palpation.

ileum

What do the parotid glands produce?

amylase

lipase

pH buffers

The pancreas produces a lot of digestive enzymes, but it also produces things like bicarb to neutralize stomach acid, intrinsic factor, and colipase to help with fat digestion.

true

What is the primary stimulus of peristaltic contractions in small intestine?

Distension of small intestine

To increase stomach motility, CCK and secretin are produced. These hormones promote vagal stimulation in the presence of fats and starches.

false

In the horse, the cardiac sphincter of the stomach is very well developed. This prevents antiperistalsis, i.e. vomiting, from occurring except in very rare incidents. 

true

Which organ is the left lobe of the pancreas basically attached to?

stomach

The (3 words) ______ is an important structure of the common bile duct that controls the release of bile into the duodenum

sphincter of oddi

What is the margo plicatus in the equine stomach?

The demarcation between non-glandular and glandular tissue in the stomach

Which blood vessels feeds the stomach, liver, and spleen in a horse?

celiac artery and its branches

Which of these cranial nerves innervate the tongue?

Cranial nerve IX

Cranial nerve VII

Cranial nerve XII

Cranial nerve V

H

gallbladder

D

Papillary process of the caudate lobe

I

common bile duct

F

common hepatic artery

L

Caudal vena cava

B

Quadrate lobe

E

Proper hepatic arteries

J

Right lateral lobe

G

Portal vein

M

Left lateral lobe

K

Caudate process of caudate lobe

C

Right medial lobe

A

left medial lobe

Which chamber of the ruminant stomach is considered the "true" stomach?

Abomasum

What is the name of the papilla that the equine bile duct and greater pancreatic duct enter into the duodenum?

Ampulla hepatopancreatica

In the ruminant stomach, each chamber has very specific structure to the epithelium. In the rumen, the epithelium has ______ like projections. In the reticulum, it has more of a ______ appearance.

papilla

honeycomb

In the ruminant, the (3 words) ______ opens in the descending duodenal limb and the (3 words) ______ opens in the proximal duodenum near the liver. However, in the horse the (3 words) ______ and the (3 words) ______ opens into the duodenum from the same papilla. They also have an accessory pancreatic duct that opens more distally.

accessory pancreatic duct

common bile duct

common bile duct

major pancreatic duct

Where is the spleen located?

Along the greater curvature of the stomach. The head is attached via wide gastrosplenic ligament and the tail is mobile.

Explain the 3 fermentation vats in the horse.

cecum

Segmental contractions mix ingesta with bacteria

Peristaltic contractions near apex push ingesta up and out to right ventral colon via cecocolic orifice

Fills by gravity

Explain the 3 fermentation vats in the horse.

ventral colon

Mixing contractions can occur throughout this section

Peristaltic contractions move ingesta back and forth between left and right ventral colon

Explain the 3 fermentation vats in the horse.

dorsal colon

Segmental mixing and antegrade/retrograde peristaltic contractions ensure thorough fermentation

Where does the preganglionic cell bodies of the parasympathetic innervation of the GI tract originate?

Sacral spinal cord

Describe the path of ingesta in the large intestine of a horse. Start at the cecum.

(1) Once digesta has been fermented in the cecum, it moves into the large intestine

(2) The first section is the right ventral colon

(3) This then makes a turn at the ventral diaphragmatic flexure

(4) And turns into the left ventral colon

(5) This then makes another turn at the pelvic flexure

(6) And turns into the left dorsal colon

(7) The last flexure is the dorsal diaphragmatic flexure

(8) Which turns into the right dorsal colon

(9) This then leads into the transverse colon

(10) And ends in the descending colon, which leads to the rectum

Which of these is NOT involved in the vascularization of the spleen?

cranial mesenteric artery

What is the purpose of white pulp in the spleen?

It is part of the lymph system and makes new B and T lymphocytes

Which of these vessels feed the pancreas?

Caudal pancreatioduodenal artery

Cranial pancreaticoduodenal artery

Match the blood vessels to their locations.

Celiac and cranial mesenteric arteries

duodenum

Match the blood vessels to their locations.

Cranial mesenteric artery only

jejunum

Match the blood vessels to their locations.

Ileocecal artery

Ileum

Match the blood vessels to their locations.

Ileocolic artery

cecum

Match the blood vessels to their locations.

Ileocolic and right colic artery

ascending colon

Match the blood vessels to their locations.

Right and middle colic arteries

transverse colon

Match the blood vessels to their locations.

Middle colic artery

proximal half of descending colon

Helps with metabolic activity of such nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, etc.

hepatocytes

Secrete water, bicarbonate, and cations into bile

cholangiocytes

Specialized macrophages localized to sinusoids that express a complement receptor of immunoglobulin family and clears complement system–coated pathogens

kupffer cells

Stores vitamin A in whole body as retinyl palmitate in lipid droplets in cytoplasm

stellate cells

Serve as part of immune surveillance mechanism in hepatic sinusoids

pit cells

Tether WBCs to help migrate into tissues

endothelial cells

What is the difference between segmental and peristaltic contractions?

Segmental contractions affect the circular muscle and helps with mixing ingesta. Peristalsis affects the longitudinal muscle and help propel food forward.

Why does the reticular groove close into a tube in weanling calves?

Prevents milk from entering the rumen, where it would be fermented and potentially could make the calf sick

In the liver, the (2 words) ______ provides 20% of the blood and 50% of the O2. The (2 words) ______ provides 80% of the blood and 50% of the O2

hepatic artery

portal vein

The reticulum has a honeycomb shape to its mucosa, but it becomes less organized and more keratinized the closer one gets to the rumen. What is the purpose of having keratin in the mucosa at the junction of the reticulum and rumen?

Keeps the area protected from damage due to the rough fiber mat in the rumen

What is the purpose of red pulp in the spleen?

It filters out old and/or damaged RBCs, antigens, and pathogens from the blood

Which of these innervate the ruminant stomach?

CHECK ASSIGNMENT 8

The larger of the 2 pancreatic ducts is the greater pancreatic duct and is responsible for transporting most of the pancreatic secretions.

false

The enteric nervous system has (2 words) ______ that can detect a variety of changes within gut: distension (stretch receptors), pH of luminal contents, osmolarity, and presence of certain toxins

sensory neurons

The bovine large intestine has a unique feature of a spiral colon. They have 2 centripetal and 2 centrifugal turns.

true

There are two different groups of cells in the pancreas. The ______ glands have an exocrine purpose and secrete digestive enzymes. The (3 words) ______ is a smaller grouping of various cells that secrete hormones

acinar

islets of langerhans

M

cranial sac

E

dorsal sac of rumen

J

caudal pillar

G

caudo-ventral blind sac

A

omasum

I

right longitudinal pillar

N

reticulo-omasal orifice

L

ventral coronary pillar

D

reticulum

P

right accessory pillar

F

right accessory pillar

F

ventral sac of rumen

H

cranial pillar

C

pylorus of abomasum

B

fundus of abomasum

K

caudo-dorsal blind sac

O

dorsal coronary pillar

Which cells produce pepsinogen?

chief cells

Which of these does NOT activate Cl- secretion in the stomach?

CCK

Where can you find stellate cells in the liver?

space of disse

Which of these do the pancreatic enzymes NOT break down?

vitamins

Where are lacteals found?

mucosa

Which cell provides antibacterial protection?

paneth cells

What is the PvO2 of villi?

40 mmHg

Which type of transport of molecules involves carriers?

facilitated

Which of these involves the movement of water to equalize concentrations?

osmosis

When looking at Cl- at the basolateral surface, what is its cotransporter?

K+